Chapter 13 Section 3 (Part 2) The Final Solution Chapter 13 Section 3 (Part 2)

Refugees Try To Flee Kristallnacht marked a significant escalation in the Nazi policy of persecution of the Jews. Many Jews at this point decided it was time to get out and fled to the U.S.

Refugees Try To Flee Between 1933 and 1939, some 350,000 Jews escaped Nazi Germany. People like Albert Einstein and Otto Frank will flee to get away from the Germans. Frank’s daughter Anne will later keep a diary after the Nazis overtake the Netherlands and her family must go into hiding.

Anne Frank’s House

Refugees Try To Flee By 1939, Jews in Europe were desperately applying for visa to get to America. But, many never got visas and remained trapped in Germany.

Refugees Try To Flee Several factors limited Jewish immigration to the U.S. 1. Nazi orders prohibited Jews from taking more than about 4 dollars out of Germany. 2. Many countries refused to allow Jewish immigrants into the country.

Refugees Try To Flee As war got closer, Jews crammed onto boats with illegal or forged documents and tried to get into another country. Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, Costa Rica, and the U.S. all denied their entrance.

The Final Solution On Jan. 20, 1942, 15 Nazi leaders met at the Wannsee Conference, held in a Berlin suburb, to discuss the “final solution to the Jewish question.”

The Final Solution Many ideas had been tried before and did not work… 1. Rounding up the Jews, Slavs, and gypsies, shooting them, and piling them in mass graves (Einsatzgruppen). 2. Mobile gassing vans

The Final Solution At Wannsee, the Nazis made plans to round up Jews from all the Nazi controlled areas of Europe and take them to detention centers known as concentration camps.

Concentration Camps

The Final Solution At concentration camps healthy individuals would work as slave laborers until they dropped dead of exhaustion, disease, or malnutrition.

The Final Solution Others who could not work (the elderly, the infirm, children) would be sent to extermination camps that were nearby or attached to these concentration camps.

Extermination Camps After the conference, the Nazis built extermination camps, mostly in Poland, for the purpose of eliminating people. At these camps, including the infamous Treblinka and Auschwitz alone housed about 100,000 people in 300 barracks.

Extermination Camps Of the estimated 1,600,000 people who died at Auschwitz, 1,300,000 of those were Jews.

Extermination Camps Upon arrival at Auschwitz, healthy prisoners were selected for work and some were selected for medical experimentation.

Extermination Camps Those who were not selected for work or experiments were sent immediately to the gas chambers, after which their bodies would be burned.

Extermination Camps One survivor says of the camp, “the horrible stench in the air—the smell of burning human flesh. I have never forgotten that smell.”

The End During the Holocaust, nearly two out of every three European Jews were killed.

Percentage of Jews killed in each country AUSTRIA 35% POLAND 91% USSR 36% NORWAY 45% BELGIUM 45% LUXEMBOURG 55% ESTONIA 44% ROMANIA 84% A Total of 6,000,000 Jews HUNGARY 74% YUGOSLAVIA 81% BOHEMIA 60% How did they manage to get together all these Jews to kills them? How did they kill them when they had them? To begin with there were concentration camps. LATVIA 84% NETHERLANDS 71% LITHUANIA 85% GERMANY 36% FRANCE 22% GREECE 87%

Did Anyone HELP? Rescuers are those who, at great personal risk, actively helped members of persecuted groups, primarily Jews, during the Holocaust in defiance of Third Reich policy. They were ordinary people who became extraordinary people because they acted in accordance with their own belief systems while living in an immoral society. Thousands survived the Holocaust because of the daring of these rescuers. Although in total their number is statistically small, rescuers were all colossal people

Oskar Schindler Oskar Schindler was a German businessman who protected Jews who worked in his factory in Poland. His story is recounted in the book Schindler's List, and the movie by the same name

Janusz Korczak Janusz Korczak, director of an orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto, however, refused to abandon the children under his care when they were selected for deportation. He accompanied them on the transport to the Treblinka killing center and into the gas chambers, sharing their fate

Nicholas Winton British gentleman who organized the rescue of 669 children, most of them Jewish, from Czechloslovakia, on the eve of the WWII in an operation later known as the Czech Kindertransport (German for "children transportation"). Winton found homes for the children and arranged for their safe passage to Britain. The world found out about his work over 40 years later, in 1988. He died in 2015 at the age of 106.

Nicholas Winton