Hockenbury & Hockenbury Psychology 6e Worth Publishers (2013) Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Hockenbury & Hockenbury Psychology 6e Worth Publishers (2013)

Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods The Scientific Method Descriptive Research Methods Contemporary Psychology Introduction: The Origins of Psychology The Experimental Method

Introduction: The Origins of Psychology 500 400 300 200 100

Contemporary Psychology 500 400 300 200 100

The Scientific Method 500 400 300 200 100

Descriptive Research Methods 500 400 300 200 100

The Experimental Method 500 400 300 200 100

1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph. D 1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Bessy Truman. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) Willa James. D) Mary Whiton Calkins.

2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to ________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are to ________. A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis

3. The formal beginning of psychology as an experimental discipline took place in a laboratory in __________ in 1879. A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany

4. The science of psychology emerged from the influences of which two disciplines? A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics

5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of __________ experiences on individuals’ behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of __________ experiences. A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic

6. The __________ perspective draws from and expands the original ideas of Sigmund Freud. A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes people to conform to the behaviors of their friends. He is most likely a __________ psychologist. A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary

8. Memory, language developmental, problem-solving, and memory are all topics that are of interest to a ______________ psychologist. A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary

9. Which of the following is the most popular specialty area of psychology among professionals? A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology

10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that people tend to use their own culture as the “standard” against which other cultures are judged. This tendency is called: A) ethnocentrism. B) prejudice. C) collectivism. D) anthropomorphism.

11. A(n) __________ is a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory

12. Which of the following is one effective way of reporting the results of a research study to the scientific community? A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a national conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results

13. Statistics are used for all but which of the following purposes? A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected

14. When a research study has been found statistically significant, which of the following statements is true? A) It may or may not be practically significant. B) It must be practically significant. C) It cannot be practically significant. D) It is practically significant 50% of the time

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a critical thinker? A) the ability to assume other perspectives B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses

16. If you wanted to study the flirting behavior of college students at a dance, you would be most likely to use: A) a pseudoscience. B) a survey. C) naturalistic observation. D) a case study.

17. Which of the following correlational coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64

A) the confirmation bias. B) shifting the burden of proof. 18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers. Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?” Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example of: A) the confirmation bias. B) shifting the burden of proof. C) a nonfalsifiable claim. D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence.

19. Which method is used to ensure that every member of a larger group has an equal chance of being included in a sample? A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs

20. While standing in an apartment building waiting for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her lesson in correlational studies. Which of the following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine understood the lesson thoroughly? A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation. B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation. C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation. D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation.

21. Professor Stuart is studying the relationship between room temperature and examination score. Which of the following is most likely the dependent variable in this study? A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart

22. Also called a confounding variable, a(n) __________ variable might produce inaccurate results by affecting the outcome of an experiment. A) control B) placebo C) extraneous D) demand

A) experimental B) control C) placebo D) independent 23. Those participants in an experiment who receive the actual independent variable under investigation are assigned to a(n) __________ group. A) experimental B) control C) placebo D) independent

A) demand characteristics. B) double-blind effects. 24. While doing an experiment investigating the relationship between movie violence and violent thoughts in college men, Dr. Yee unknowingly frowns every time he asks the male subjects about their thoughts on violent topics. Dr. Yee is displaying: A) demand characteristics. B) double-blind effects. C) practice effects. D) control group effects.

B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation 25. When an experiment employs a(n) __________ technique, it means that both the participants and researchers are unaware of which participants are assigned to the various treatment conditions. A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation

Congratulations!

Answers Stop here, or continue as a review.

1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph. D 1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Bessy Truman. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) Willa James. D) Mary Whiton Calkins.

2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to ________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are to ________. A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis

3. The formal beginning of psychology as an experimental discipline took place in a laboratory in __________ in 1879. A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany

4. The science of psychology emerged from the influences of which two disciplines? A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics

5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of __________ experiences on individuals’ behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of __________ experiences. A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic

6. The __________ perspective draws from and expands the original ideas of Sigmund Freud. A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes people to conform to the behaviors of their friends. He is most likely a __________ psychologist. A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary

8. Memory, language developmental, problem-solving, and memory are all topics that are of interest to a ______________ psychologist. A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary

9. Which of the following is the most popular specialty area of psychology among professionals? A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology

10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that people tend to use their own culture as the “standard” against which other cultures are judged. This tendency is called: A) ethnocentrism. B) prejudice. C) collectivism. D) anthropomorphism.

11. A(n) __________ is a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory

12. Which of the following is one effective way of reporting the results of a research study to the scientific community? A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a national conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results

13. Statistics are used for all but which of the following purposes? A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected

14. When a research study has been found statistically significant, which of the following statements is true? A) It may or may not be practically significant. B) It must be practically significant. C) It cannot be practically significant. D) It is practically significant 50% of the time.

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a critical thinker? A) the ability to assume other perspectives B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses

16. If you wanted to study the flirting behavior of college students at a dance, you would be most likely to use: A) a pseudoscience. B) a survey. C) naturalistic observation. D) a case study.

17. Which of the following correlational coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64

A) the confirmation bias. B) shifting the burden of proof. 18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers. Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?” Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example of: A) the confirmation bias. B) shifting the burden of proof. C) a nonfalsifiable claim. D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence.

19. Which method is used to ensure that every member of a larger group has an equal chance of being included in a sample? A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs

20. While standing in an apartment building waiting for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her lesson in correlational studies. Which of the following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine understood the lesson thoroughly? A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation. B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation. C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation. D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation.

21. Professor Stuart is studying the relationship between room temperature and examination score. Which of the following is most likely the dependent variable in this study? A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart

22. Also called a confounding variable, a(n) __________ variable might produce inaccurate results by affecting the outcome of an experiment. A) control B) placebo C) extraneous D) demand

A) experimental B) control C) placebo D) independent 23. Those participants in an experiment who receive the actual independent variable under investigation are assigned to a(n) __________ group. A) experimental B) control C) placebo D) independent

A) demand characteristics. B) double-blind effects. 24. While doing an experiment investigating the relationship between movie violence and violent thoughts in college men, Dr. Yee unknowingly frowns every time he asks the male subjects about their thoughts on violent topics. Dr. Yee is displaying: A) demand characteristics. B) double-blind effects. C) practice effects. D) control group effects.

B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation 25. When an experiment employs a(n) __________ technique, it means that both the participants and researchers are unaware of which participants are assigned to the various treatment conditions. A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation

Acknowledgments Step Up Created by: Questions written by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Psychology 6e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2013

Answers 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. 5. C 6. 7. 8. 9. B 10. A 11. 12. 13. D 14. 15. 16. C 17. A 18. 19. B 20. D 21. 22. C 23. 24. 25. C