Title: Biology 3/19/07 Objectives: Class Topics 11/23/2018 Title: Biology 3/19/07 Objectives: To learn about the historical discoveries surrounding the genetic material, DNA. Class Topics Hand in W.S. 9.2, Lab – Doublin’ DNA before the bell rings Except 1A 1A - Complete Lab Complete Notes – Chapter 9 Review Replication Chapter 9 Test Review “The young do not know enough too be prudent, and therefore they attempt the impossible, and achieve it, generation after generation.” Pearl S. Buck Friday, November 23, 2018 6:20 AM

W.S. Tuning in to Radioisotopes 11/23/2018 W.S. Tuning in to Radioisotopes 1. Experiment Type of plant Carbon 14 Carbon dioxide Autoradiography Follow through regions of plant Quantitative Assay Follow through the cell Explanation 2. over 40,000 years old 3. radiation kills cells undergoing division, fruit that has been picked does not undergo division (IT’S DEAD!) so the only cells that are killed are the bacteria and fungus

Class Assignments W.S. 9.2 3/19/07 Lab - Doublin’ DNA 3/19/07 11/23/2018 Class Assignments What By When W.S. 9.2 3/19/07 Lab - Doublin’ DNA 3/19/07 Chapter 9 Test 3/21/07 Due this class period Due next class period Due in the future

11/23/2018 Grade Sheet 2A – p. 157 (5 pts.)

“Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids” 11/23/2018 “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids” Find references to: Rosalind Franklin’s research Erwin Chargaff’s research replication

Rate of Replication Prokaryotes (circular DNA) 11/23/2018 Rate of Replication Prokaryotes (circular DNA) 2 replication forks Start at same point and work in opposite directions Eukaryotes (chromosomes) Much more genetic material Division of labor 100 replication forks per chromosome Divided into 100,000 nucleotides a piece

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11/23/2018 DNA double helix (like a spiral staircase) is easily replicated (doubled) Occurs during S phase of cell cycle 1. Enzyme, DNA helicase, attaches to DNA molecule Hydrogen bonds between strands break (DNA unzips and unwinds) Forms replication forks Areas where the strands separate Replication (PBS)

11/23/2018 2. DNA polymerase bonds free nucleotides (floating in nucleus) to exposed nitrogen bases adenine to thymine & guanine to cytosine 3. Hydrogen bonds formed between nitrogen bases Proofreading DNA polymerase can go back and check for errors 1 error per 1 billion nucleotides Replication (DNAi)

Test Review Essay Photo 51 Draw DNA – given 4 nucleotides 11/23/2018 Test Review Essay DNA Replication Photo 51 Helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, symmetry, double stranded Draw DNA – given 4 nucleotides

Test Review Griffith Avery Hershey/Chase Problem transformation 11/23/2018 Test Review Griffith Problem vaccine transformation Ultimate conclusion Avery Transformation stopped by… Proteins or DNA? Conclusion Hershey/Chase Scientists Bacteriophage Why phosphorus and sulfur?

Test Review Chargaff Franklin/Wilkins Watson/Crick A = T, C = G 11/23/2018 Test Review Chargaff A = T, C = G Basepairing rules Franklin/Wilkins Photo 51 information Watson/Crick Structure of DNA Model of double helix 1953 paper

DNA structure Nucleotide 2 strands Double helix Found in nucleus 11/23/2018 DNA structure Nucleotide Sugar Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogenous base (nitrogen base) Purines adenine guanine Pyrimidines cytosine thymine 2 strands Double helix Found in nucleus Complementary bases

Test Review Replication (copying DNA) Occurs in S phase 11/23/2018 Test Review Replication (copying DNA) Occurs in S phase Both strands are template for new DNA helicase – unwind and unzip Forks DNA polymerase Add complementary strand proofread

RNA Ribonucleic Acid Carries out the instructions coded for by DNA 11/23/2018 Ribonucleic Acid Carries out the instructions coded for by DNA Differences between RNA and DNA Ribose is the sugar Single stranded Uracil - not thymine - bonds with Adenine RNA

Types of RNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA 11/23/2018 Messenger RNA mRNA takes DNA “instructions” to ribosomes Transfer RNA tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes Ribosomal RNA rRNA makes up a part of each ribosome Types of RNA