Reproduction Notes Reproduction: the ability of a species to produce new organisms Asexual Reproduction: 1 parent Offspring genetically identical to parent New cells produced by mitosis

Sexual Reproduction 2 parents Offspring genetically different Cells from each parent unite to make 1st cell (of new organism)

Forms of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Explanation: Parent splits, forming 2 offspring Organisms: Bacteria and some protists

BINARY FISSION OF BACTERIA

BINARY FISSION OF PARAMECIUM, A PROTIST

Budding Explanation: New organism formed by outgrowth from parent Organisms Hydra, yeast

BUDDING OF HYDRA

BUDDING OF YEAST

Regeneration Explanation: Replacement or regrowth of missing body parts Fragmentation: Parent breaks into fragments, which become offspring Organisms: Starfish, planaria

REGENERATION AND FRAGMENTATION IN PLANARIA

REGENERATION OF STARFISH

FRAGMENTATION OF STARFISH

Parthenogenesis Explanation Unfertilized egg develops into an adult! No sperm involved Organisms: Honeybees (unfertilized egg develops into male drone bees)

PARTHENOGENESIS - APHIDS

APHID INFESTATION AS A RESULT OF PARTHENOGENESIS

Spore Formation – add Explanation: Reproductive structure released to environment. Not a seed! Survive for long times in unfavorable conditions, then develop to new organism when conditions become better. Organisms: Molds, fungi, bacteria (anthrax)

SPORULATION OF BREAD MOLD

Anthrax Spores

Vegetative Propagation Explanation: When roots, stems, or leaves give rise to new plants Roots, stems, & leaves are called VEGETATIVE structures, whereas flowers are usually the REPRODUCTIVE structure Natural forms: Bulbs, corms, tubers, runners, rhizomes Artificial: Cuttings, layering, grafting

Forms of Vegetative Propagation Cutting Part of stem, root, or leaf is cut off of plant Grows into a complete plant if conditions are favorable.

Bulbs Like budding, an underground storage stem that can be broken off of the original plant and planted else where – it will grow into a new plant.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION BY BULB

Corms Solid swollen underground bulb-shaped stems or stem bases Serve as a reproductive structure

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION BY CORM

Tuber A tuber is an enlarged part of an underground stem that contains stored food

Peanut Plant

Harvesting Peanuts

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION BY TUBER

Runners Stem like structure that shoots out from original plant, grows on surface

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION BY RUNNERS

Grafting Attaching a branch (scion) from one plant to the trunk(stock) of another. The 2 stems grow together w/ characteristics of the scion.

ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION - GRAFTING