Classification Organizing Life! Objectives: Classify organisms based on structural similarities. Develop a logical argument for the relatedness of some animals based on behavior or appearance.

All living things are classified into groups Scientists divide animals into groups based on their SIMILARITIES The science of classifying organisms according to their similarities is called taxonomy

Scientific Names Binomial Nomenclature – a system that gives each species a two-part name using Latin words An organism’s Scientific name is a name given to each species, consisting of its genus and species levels Example: The scientific name of humans is “Homo Sapien”

Article about Classifying Humans by Race “U.S. Census Labeling is Being Questioned” Please annotate your article (at least 5 annotations required…see your annotation scoring guide and active reader user’s guide to assist you in annotating)

Evolutionary Relationships Between Organisms Phylogeny – the evolutionary history for a group of species Cladistics – classification based on common ancestry. This is the most common method used to make evolutionary trees

Evolutionary Relationships Between Organisms Phylogenic Tree – an evolutionary tree Phylogenic Tree Parts: Derived Characters – trait that differs in structure or function from that found in the ancestral line for a group of species Nodes: Each place where a branch splits Clades: the names of the individual groups of animals being compared

Interpreting a Phylogenic Tree Clades Nodes Derived Characters

Phylogenic Tree Practice Complete the Phylogenic Tree Practice and Analysis worksheets!

Molecular Evidence Relating Species DNA sequence can support or refute hypothesized evolutionary trees

Vertebrates versus Invertebrates Vertebrates are animals with backbones, skeletons, and a skull Invertebrates are animals that do NOT have backbones

Vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Invertebrates Sponges – two layers of cells, no tissues or organs Cnidarians - (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydras) These all have radial symmetry (resembles spokes on a wheel) Flatworms – flat and thin with bilateral symmetry (both halves are the same) Roundworms – long, round bodies that come to a point at the end with bilateral symmetry

Invertebrates (continued) 5. Segmented worms – have a body that is divided into many sections or segments 6. Mollusks – snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, squids, octopi 7. Anthropods – crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, and insects 8. Echinoderms - Sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

Questions from Chapter 3 of book

The Classification of Living Things Carolus Linnaeus developed a system to classify living things Kingdom - the broadest category Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - the narrowest (lowest) category

Everything is related The theory is that all life on Earth began with bacteria and life slowly branched off and turned into all life forms that now exist on Earth

What Did T-Rex Taste Like? Visit the website: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/Trex/index.html RESEARCH… Pick an animal that you have never eaten. Research and construct a cladogram to illustrate which animal that you HAVE eaten that they would taste most like, according to their ancestry.

The 5 Kingdoms All living things are divided into one of the Kingdoms: Plants Animals Protist Fungi Monera

Plants Make their own food using sunlight & other substances around them They do not move around Multicellular

Animals Move around Multicellular HOW THEY GET FOOD: Animals ingest their food by… --Filter feeding --Feeding on fluids --Consuming large pieces of food

Protist Microorganisms Many have only one cell. Can move using cilia, flagellum, or pseudopods HOW THEY GET FOOD: --Some use their cilia to sweep food over their surface and into their gullet. --Some trap food with their pseudopods. --Some make their own food (as with algae through photosynthesis)

Fungi Decomposes material from its food Multicellular Includes mushrooms and molds HOW THEY GET FOOD -- They break down waste & dead matter by releasing digestive enzymes onto their food so that they can then absorb it

Monera Single-celled organisms that are bacteria and do not have organelles in their cells Kingdom Monera is actually broken into two kingdoms!... Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria (they are genetically different) HOW THEY GET FOOD --Some break down dead organisms or waste --Some use sunlight to make food --Some get energy from minerals Bacteria have more different ways of getting energy than any other kind of organism

Classification Interactives Explore your “inner animal” to find how you are related to other animals on earth! http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/explore-your-inner-animals Complete the Classification webquest using the following website http://www.amnh.org/ology/features/ittakesallkinds/game.php See handout!!!