SOLIDS: Motion: Particles vibrate in place; particles move slowly Spacing: Close together Attraction: Strong  particles held tightly in place

Two Types of Solids Crystalline: orderly, 3D arrangement in repeating pattern of rows Ex: Iron, diamonds, ice Usually harder solids Amorphous: atoms/molecules arranged in no particular order Ex: rubber, wax Usually softer solids

LIQUIDS: Motion: Particles slide past one another Spacing: Further apart Attraction: Moderate (but particles move fast enough to help overcome some of the attraction between them)

Properties of Liquids Surface tension: molecules at the surface of a liquid are more attracted Viscosity: resistance to flow Higher viscosity  thicker, harder to pour Ex: water vs honey http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KU_skfdZVQ Video is 2:41 (no need to watch whole thing if short on time)

GASES: Motion: Particles move quickly and randomly Spacing: Particles very far apart Attraction: Weak attraction between particles No definite SHAPE or VOLUME (both can change)

PLASMAS: No definite shape or volume Made of broken apart atoms (charged particles) Conduct electricity Very hot! Increase heat 1st video is 3:32 2nd video 2:40 Under normal conditions electrons stay attached to the atom. Under extreme conditions (such as super high temps), electrons fall off, which is why plasmas conduct electricity.

PLASMAS: Make up 99 percent of known matter in the universe!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVEGJZxglIg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7_8Gc_Llr8 PLASMAS: Make up 99 percent of known matter in the universe!!! Examples: sun, lightning, fire, aurora borealis, fluorescent lights 1st video is 3:32 2nd video 2:40

BOYLE’S LAW As pressure increases, volume decreases AND Put away your whiteboard stuff Fill in notes As pressure increases, volume decreases AND As volume (size of container) increases, pressure decreases (for the same amount of gas at the same temperature)

Real-life examples of BOYLE’S LAW: The bubbles exhaled by a scuba diver grow as they approach the surface of the ocean. Scuba divers have to be careful about how fast they go up or down because of changes in the volume of gases in their cells and organs. A soda will go flat after opening it because the “container” gets bigger so the pressure (fizz) goes down. Bubble changing size: More pressure farther down from the weight of the water. So as bubble goes up it gets bigger due to reduced pressure. The Bends: Nitrogen goes into blood stream at high P under water. Come up too fast and N bubble expands. Causes pain in joints and even death. Decompression tank puts pressure back on the expanded gases to shrink them. When you open a can of soda, the gas molecules escape because the “container size” gets bigger, so your soda is less fizzy (less gas molecules with less pressure).

CHARLES’S LAW As temperature increases, volume increases Fill in notes (for the same amount of gas at the same pressure)

Real-life examples of CHARLES’ LAW: A football inflated inside and then taken outdoors on a winter day shrinks slightly. – Deflate-gate! It is a good idea not to pump a raft or intertube too full of air before it sits in the hot sun. The plunger on a turkey syringe thermometer pops out when the turkey is done. The volume of air trapped under the plunger increases when the temperature inside the turkey climbs.

How can I remember which is which? Charlie Brown was a TV Show (Charles’ Law = Temperature/Volume) Boys play video games (so do girls! ) (Boyle’s Law = Pressure/Volume)