10th World Studies 3.24.17 Today’s Agenda: Turn in: Nothing Take out : Planner Notes Note-taking devices Today’s Learning Objectives: I can make a determination as to what direction government leadership (can) should take. Today’s Agenda: Russia prior to the Revolution A Revolution HW: Check your returned work file… Consider signing up for a time slot w/Steen (if it doesn’t work for you—NHS, Tutoring (R/Havlin), meeting w/Havlin, etc.)

After the November Revolution Elections for a constituent assembly didn’t give Bolsheviks a majority—but no other party did either… In January, Bolsheviks disrupted the assembly with troops and dissolved opposition councils Abolished private property, nationalized factories, redistributed land to the peasants.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Big one!) Russians agreed to an armistice –cease fire in December 1917 Russians agreed to a very harsh peace treaty in March 1918. Gave Germany control over millions of square miles of territory from the old Russian Empire TAKE A LOOK AT THE MAP—What did the Germans gain with this territory? Treaty was never really implemented because Germany was defeated in November 1918

Almost immediately, civil war breaks out… Bolsheviks (Red Army) vs. White Russians Whites: landlords and land owners, some peasants, supporters of the aristocracy, liberals, non-Russian ethnic groups… Many of the leaders were Tsarist generals Britain, U.S., France, Japan, among others, sent troops to Russia to block Germans and support White Russians

Foreign intervention promoted a sense of nationalism that aided the Reds. Lenin used this as a propaganda device. The intervention of the western nations was based on a fear of communism, wanting to stop German advance, and practical ones (Lenin’s refusal to pay the czar’s debts).

Russian Civil War 1918-1922 Very brutal; millions die Hunger, disease, death, and chaos Industrial production declines 80% compared to 1913. Farm production barely 1/3 of pre-war levels Bolsheviks cracked down to survive. Bolsheviks won; foreign forces withdrew Many would argue it was the failure of the White Army’s generals to communicate & work together that led to their downfall…

THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY The USSR faced serious eco. issues w/ the conclusion of the civil wars W. nations refused to trade w/ Russia It proved difficult to switch quickly to a Marxist/communist system In 1921 Lenin responded with the NEP It was an attempt to rebuild agri. and industry thru a free market system The NEP worked and Lenin seemed ready to return to Marxist principles But his health deteriorated after a 1922 stroke, and he died in 1924 This created a power vacuum and a struggle between Trotsky and Stalin

Leon Trotsky intellectual, head of the Red Army favored the doctrine of World Revolution the USSR could not survive as the sole communist state the USSR must therefore seek to “export” revolution. as a doctrinaire communist he opposed the NEP

Josef Stalin favored “Socialism in One Country” the USSR should strengthen itself and lead the communist world by example as a pragmatist, he supported the NEP experienced as a bureaucrat, he became the Party’s General Secretary in 1922: here he appointed many apparatchiks (these allies were crucial to Stalin’s rise) Apparatus of the communist party Professional politicians their power struggle lasted until 1928, when Stalin was able to maneuver into a position of power and defeat his enemies, particularly Trotsky

Stalin’s rule saw the emergence of totalitarianism in the USSR Trotsky was forced into exile and eventually murdered with an ice pick by Stalin’s agents in Mexico City in 1940 Stalin’s rule saw the emergence of totalitarianism in the USSR Stalin condemned all deviation from “the party line” His style of leadership was that of an “office dictator” who did not rely on his personality but on his party officials

Totalitarianism Comrade Stalin takes over in a “revolution from above”

TOTALITARIANISM: State control of all aspects of life and society What are the main instruments/institutions involved of each of these methods? Terror (military, secret police) Indoctrination (schools, family, youth groups) Propaganda and censorship (media, news outlets) Religious or ethnic persecution (church, political parties)

Propaganda

Terror-Purges/NKVD (Secret Police) Of the 26, by the end of “The Revolution” & Stalin’s time in power: ½ (13) were killed intentionally or died in prison. 3 died in the Civil War 1 suicide 8 from “natural causes” Only 2 outlived Stalin

Stalin’s paranoia wouldn’t rest Stalin began the Purges in 1934 when his deputy Sergei Kirov was murdered Stalin cracked down on potential opposition Anyone perceived as a threat was forced to confess in public trials and then executed/shipped to a gulag (labor camp) Millions disappeared during this time; the party leadership and army officer corps was especially decimated

The Gulag System—Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel'no-trudovykh LAGerei Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn—“The Gulag Archipelago” 1973 Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Labor Settlements

Soviet path to industrialization Stalin’s 5-year plans emphasized “heavy industry” to catch to the West Industrial production boomed , up by 700 percent in the 1930s Collective farms established in an effort to increase agricultural production

Industrialization Stalin Style Industrial growth was stunning, but it was achieved by diverting consumption from consumer goods people’s standard of-living declined the plan focused on large megaprojects such as dams, factories, not consumer goods living conditions also deteriorated: overcrowding, food and housing shortages unrealistic production quotas were set, and tremendous sacrifices and ruthless methods were used to reach them The state took food produced by collective farms to feed industrial workers in

Collectivization of Agriculture Collectivization: grouping or pooling of farms to ensure a maximum production. All the peasants worked on them while Communist party officials monitored their output. Collectivization did not appeal to wealthier peasant farmers called, 'Kulaks' who did not want to share their livelihood and wealth with others. Most Kulaks were killed or sent to work camps in Siberia because they began burning their farms in an attempt to rebel against the policy. By 1932, 62% of all peasants were successfully collectivized.

Human costs of this policy: Ukraine Famine 1932-1933

Holodomor: “Killing by hunger” 5- 7 million dead. Economic policy? or Genocide? (Deliberate targeting of Ukrainians—see map, known for their “independent” beliefs) Why did the Holodomor occur? Grain was diverted to feed industrial workers Grain sold to other countries (exported) so that the Soviet Union can gain cash.

Holodomor: “Killing by hunger” 1932-33(?) Geno+cide (1944) WWII “race” Greek+ “killer” Latin Völkermeuchelnden (German) Englished in 1893 as “folk-murdering” from Populicide (French Revolution) 1929—Ukrainian farmers are successful, yet “rebellious” farmers (kulaks) 1930—dekulakization policies—armed confiscation, and “relocation” leads to ~1.5 million Ukrainians being moved (or dead…) 1932-33—Stalin increases the quotas for Ukrainian farms—crops to the state before the people. “…teach a lesson through famine” although Stalin denies any famine to other world powers 1933: FDR formally recognizes Stalin’s govt & negotiates a trade agreement.

Stalin was able to do this, unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t was firmly in place and all opposition had been eliminated/reduced through state terror/propaganda Stalin combined communism and dictatorship in this time, setting the tone for future communist leaders By 1941, the USSR was one of the top 3 economic powers in the world (Germany and USA were the others)

Indoctrination & Propaganda “Thank you, Comrade Stalin, for our happy childhood”

Trotsky is seen in the foreground with Lev Kamenev

Nikolai Yezhov

Russian/Soviet Dead in 20th Century World War 1 1914-18 1.7 million Civil War/famine 1918-22 9-14 million Stalin’s purges/ Holodomor 1924-1953 20-30 million World War 2 1939-1945 27 million TOTAL 60-75 million