The previous picture “moves” because of tiny muscular movements of your eyes.

Perception The process of _________ and _________ information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Stroop Effect Color words that are written in a different color than the actual word I.e. the word PURPLE is written in GREEN Being asked to say what color the word is causes inconsistencies between our bottom-up and top-down processing

What is a Perceptual Set? A mental ___________ to perceive one thing and not another. Based on top down processing Kiss this Guy

Perceptual Set We perceive by filling the gaps in what we sense. I _ant ch_co_ate ic_ cr_am. Based on our _______ and ______. If you see many old men in glasses, you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error).

What you see in the middle depends on your perceptual set.

Real World Application Cops who chase an African American suspect down a dark alley are more likely to perceive him as holding a gun than a cell phone or wallet. We see what we expect to see!!

When you first read this, what does it say--A Bird In The Bush When you first read this, what does it say--A Bird In The Bush? If you read this more carefully you will find that it says A Bird In The The Bush!!! If you caught it the first time, good for you, but I bet you you did not catch it this time!!!

The _____ is greater than the _____ of its parts Gestalt Philosophy The _____ is greater than the _____ of its parts

Figure Ground Relationship Our first perceptual decision is what is the figure and what is the background?

Figure-Ground Relationship The organization of the visual field into _______ (figures) that stand out from their ________(ground)

Camouflage works due to our inability to distinguish figure from ground

Reversible figures: you can reverse the figure and the ground

Figure-ground principle: states that we organize our perceptions into figure (focus or appearance of _______) and background (not _____ shaped or patterned)

The images are exactly the same except for the thick black area in the right image (an example of the Poggendorff illusion (1860)). In the figure on the right, there appear to be two continuous diagonal lines: a red and a blue line. Which Gestalt principle explains this?

Similarity Proximity Closure

Visual Capture The tendency for vision to __________ the other senses.

Depth Perception The ability to see objects in _____ dimensions although the images that strike the retina are ____ dimensional. Allows us to judge _______.

Depth Cues Eleanor Gibson and her ___________________. Finding: depth perception is ______ (to some degree) We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories: Monocular Cues Binocular Cues

How do we transform two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional perception? Binocular Cues: depth cues that depend on____________ Monocular Cues: depth cues that depend on __________

Binocular Cues Retinal Disparity: a binocular cue for seeing depth. The ______ an object comes to you the ________ the disparity is between the two images. Pen together two eyes- try with one

Monocular Cues (one eye only) _____________: (overlap) if something is blocking our view, we perceive it as closer. _____________: if we know that two objects are similar in size, the one that looks smaller is farther away. ____________: we assume hazy objects are farther away.

More Monocular Cues ______________: the coarser it looks the closer it is. ______________: things higher in our field of vision, they look farther away _____________: things that are closer appear to move more quickly. _____________: Parallel lines seem to converge with distance. ______________: Dimmer objects appear farther away because they reflect less light.

Linear perspective: We judge Distance by an object’s placement Between lines. We assume the top line is further away and longer than the bottom line because our mind perceives the railroad tracks as the same width apart.

Texture gradient Relative height

Light and shadow

Motion Perception We perceive motion incredibly well. We judge mostly by the size of the object. Think about how cartoons work.

Phi Phenomenon An illusion of ___________ created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

Perceptual Consistency Perceiving objects as ___________ even as illumination and retinal images changes. Shape constancy

Perceptual Interpretation

True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background

Depth Perception Cues: Motion Parallax Visual Texture Binocular Disparity

Perceptual Constancies Size constancy Space constancy Color constancy

Illusions A hallucination is when you see something that isn’t there. An illusion is a distortion of the senses. *We may see an illusion because we know what we are supposed to see, even though part of a picture or design may not be completely there” …when perception overrides sensation