Validation of the Portuguese DSM-IV-MR-J Filipa Calado1, Joana Alexandre2 & Mark D. Griffiths 1 1 Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom 2 ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon University Institute, Portugal

Gambling = Problem? Research carried out suggests that: A large proportion of adolescents gamble in spite of age prohibitions (Volberg et al, 2010; Calado et al, 2017) Individuals with severe gambling-related problems begin gambling much earlier than those without gambling problems (Burge, Pietrzak & Petry, 2006) 26 October 2017

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Portugal Qualitative Study (Calado, Alexandre & Griffiths, 2014) Gambling plays an important role in youth’s leisure time Adolescents showed a positive perception towards gambling 26 October 2017

This study showed the need to validate psychological instruments to measure youth gambling in the Portuguese community 26 October 2017

The present study Goals: Validate the DSM-IV-MR-J for use among Portuguese adolescents and to examine its’ psychometric properties; Provide a first prevalence of problem gambling among Portuguese youth; 26 October 2017

Participants 753 Portuguese adolescents and young adults aged between 14 and 23 years (mean age= 18.9 years, SD= 2.6); 65.5% males, 34.5% females 26 October 2017

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Instruments Sociodemographics and gambling frequency DSM-IV-Multiple Response-Juvenile (DSM-IV-MR-J) (Fisher, 2000): Instrument to assess problem gambling among young people 26 October 2017

Psychosocial Measures: Instruments Psychosocial Measures: Adapted Self-Report Delinquency Scale (Carroll et al, 2009; Portuguese version: Pechorro et al, 2015); Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale–21 (Lovibond & Lovibond,1995; Portuguese version: Pais-Ribeiro, 2004); Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989; Portuguese version: Pechorro et al, 2011). 26 October 2017

Procedure Translation and back translation of the DSM-IV-MR-J was performed using the steps recommended by Beaton et al (2000). 26 October 2017

Analytic strategy and statistical analyses Descriptive analysis for ascertaining the frequency of gambling and the prevalence of problem gambling; Assessment of internal reliability using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient; 26 October 2017

Analytic strategy and statistical analyses c) Assessment of the criterion validity of the DSM-IV-MR-J by examining its correlation with gambling frequency and the psychosocial measures of depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, and delinquency; d) Assessment of the construct validity of the DSM-IV-J-MR by means of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). 26 October 2017

43.2% reported that they had gambled less than once a month; Results Descriptives: 43.2% reported that they had gambled less than once a month; 9.1% reported they had gambled once a month; 14.4% reported gambling at least once per week. 26 October 2017

Results Prevalence of Problem gambling 3.5% problem gamblers 9% as at risk gamblers 53.5% as social gamblers 33.3% as non-gamblers 26 October 2017

Results Internal reliability Cronbach’s alpha: 0.72; A score of 0.70 or greater is generally considered to be acceptable (Blacker & Endicott, 2002). 26 October 2017

Relationship between DSM-IV-MR-J and other psychosocial measures Criterion validity Relationship between DSM-IV-MR-J and other psychosocial measures DSM-IV-MR-J rho Spearman Delinquency 0.39** Depression 0.20** Anxiety 0.21** Stress 0.23** Self-esteem -0.13** *p<0.05: **p<0.01; NS Not Significant 26 October 2017

DSM-IV-MR-J according to gambling frequency (Qui-Squared p <0.0001). 26 October 2017

DSM-IV-MR-J scores according to the amount of money spent on gambling (Qui-Squared p <0.0001). 26 October 2017

Construct validity A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the previously established one-factor solution (Fisher, 2000), using Mplus software 26 October 2017

The results indicated that a single-factor model adequately represents the structure of the DSM-IV-MR-J (CFI =0.95; TLI= 0.93; RMSEA =.05) 26 October 2017

Standardized factor loadings of the Portuguese DSM-IV-MR-J items

Discussion Problem gambling appears to be an issue for some Portuguese youth The results of the CFA provided support for the previously established unidimensionality of this instrument as the model fitted the data adequately The Portuguese version of the DSM-IV-MR-J seems to be a valid and reliable instrument 26 October 2017

Conclusion This study provided a new psychometric tool for the Portuguese psychology community 26 October 2017

For more information: Calado, F., Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Portuguese validation of the DSM-IV-MR-J. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 1096-1106. 23 November 2018

Thank you very much for your attention filipa.calado2013@my.ntu.ac.uk joana.alexandre@iscte-iul.pt 26 October 2017