13 The Respiratory System Lesson 13.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Lesson 13.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control Lesson 13.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Chapter 13: The Respiratory System Lesson 13.1 Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Anatomy of the Respiratory System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84A

Vocabulary the nose the nasal cavity the passage for air entering and leaving the lungs the nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuation of one one of the two nostrils. Concha the palate the sinuses

Cilia the mouth the pharynx The lining of the nasal cavity. These are tiny hair-like structures that track small particles. = Keeps the lungs clean! the mouth A passageway for air as well as food into the body the pharynx located in the throat. This is the passageway for food into the esophagus tonsils

the larynx the epiglottis the esophagus Voice Box – houses the vocal cords. Looks like a turtle’s head the epiglottis Acting as a trapdoor to the trachea, it keeps food from entering the trachea and blocking the airway. the esophagus Food moves through the pharynx into the esophagus, which is the passageway for food into the stomach

the alveoli the pleura the diaphragm Tiny air sacs. Place where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange happens. the pleura Air-tight sacs surrounding each lung. the diaphragm Large dome-shaped muscle below the lungs – the diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration.

the trachea Branching off from the esophagus, this is the passageway for the air to the lungs = windpipe the bronchi Branches off from the trachea, with one branch going to each lung. the lungs Organ that houses the alveoli

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

What is the collective name for the cardiovascular and respiratory system? cardiopulmonary system;

How do these two body systems work together? the blood, pumped through the body by the cardiovascular system, transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Oxygen is delivered to the blood by the respiratory system, while it also expels carbon dioxide from the body.

Describe the structure of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is divided into two parts: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli, air sacs in which the important gas-exchange function occurs.

The Upper and Lower R.S.

Name three functions of the upper respiratory tract. passageway for air moving into, or out of the lungs; filter and removed foreign particles from inspired air; humidify and control the temperature of inspired air; produce sound (voice); produce a sense of smell (olfactory sense); aid in immune defense; conduct air to the lower respiratory tract Name three functions of the upper respiratory tract.

What would happen if the nose had no cilia? many more particles would enter the nose since the cilia traps and prevents them from entering the nose What would happen if the nose had no cilia?

What are the functions of the conchae? increasing the surface area available for filtering inspired air; filtering inspired air by trapping particles in its mucous membranes What are the functions of the conchae?

What is the function of the uvula? It is believed to play a small role in speech, but it also helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity. What is the function of the uvula?

What is the function of the sinuses? lighten the weight of the head; warm and moisten inspired air; amplify the tone of the voice What is the function of the sinuses?

Which structure transports air, food, and liquids? The pharynx

What causes a person’s voice to change so noticeably during a cold? Infection causes the sinuses to become swollen and filled with fluid and germs. This prevents the voice from projecting in its normal tone. What causes a person’s voice to change so noticeably during a cold?

The Eustachian tubes of the middle ear drain into the nasopharynx. Because of this connection, an inner ear infection can cause an upper respiratory infection, or vice versa. What other organ system structure does the nasopharynx connect to, and what are the consequences?

Anatomy of the Ear – Middle Ear Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx. Equalizes pressure on either sides of the tympanic membrane. A Big Yawn equalizes the pressure in the pharynx, Eustachian tube, and middle ear to the same level as pressure on the outside of the ear.

The tonsils When bacteria and other pathogens enter the throat, what structure serves as the first line of defense against these invaders?

What are the two primary responsibilities of the larynx. routing air and food to the proper passageways and producing speech What are the two primary responsibilities of the larynx.

The epiglottis What structure controls both the destination of food and liquid we consume, and inspire air?

How is the trachea supported? Cartilaginous rings, or C-shaped rings, provide support and prevent the airway from collapsing. How is the trachea supported?

Where does the most gas exchange take place? In the alveoli Where does the most gas exchange take place?

Give one reason why gas exchange is a relatively quick process. The large surface area of the lungs provide almost unlimited numbers of sites for gas exchange between the blood and alveolar sacs. The membranes of the alveolar wall and capillary walls are very thin, allowing carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass through them quickly and easily. Gases diffuse from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Give one reason why gas exchange is a relatively quick process.

What structure separates the two lungs? The mediastinum What structure separates the two lungs?

How many lobes does each lung have? The right lung has three lobes, but the left lung only has two. How many lobes does each lung have?

a sac of two slippery, serous membranes; One membrane, the parietal pleura, lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm. The other, the visceral pleura, covers the lungs. What is the pleural sac?

Explain it’s function Both pleura membranes secrete a serous (watery) fluid that allows the two linings to smoothly slide against each other as the lungs expand and contract during respiration. The serous fluid also acts like glue by keeping the two linings from pulling apart.

The three Stages of Breath

Inhaling Oxygen Diaphragm expands into abdominal cavity. Room is created in the chest as the diaphragm expands the abdominal cavity. Muscles cause rips to move up and out Lungs expand with the air that has entered through the nose and mouth = active breathing phase

Gas exchange in the lungs Air enters the lungs through the bronchial tube that branches into bronchioles which branch into alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by the capillaries of the pulmonary arteries and veins. Oxygen from the inflated lungs move from the alveoli into the capillaries as carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli.

Exhaling Carbon Dioxide The diaphragm muscle relaxes and returns to its dome-like position inside the ribcage. The ribcage muscles also relax. This pressure surrounding the lungs pushes air out of the body. CO2 is released from the body by traveling through the alveoli to the bronchiole to the bronchi, up the trachea and out through the nose and mouth. = passive phase of breathing

How many breath do we take in a minute?

How much of our breath is O2 and how much is CO2 Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Inhaled Air 21 % .04 % Exhaled Air 16% 3.5%

The Upper Respiratory Tract

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: surfactant, apex, epiglottis, conchae. 1. lungs 2. larynx 3. nasal cavity 4. alveoli

Respiration: Mechanics and Control Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.2 Respiration: Mechanics and Control

Respiration: Mechanics and Control nonrespiratory air maneuvers control of breathing lung volume

Respiration also known as breathing air always moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area four key tasks involved in respiration pulmonary ventilation external respiration respiratory gas transport internal respiration

Respiration Boyle’s law as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases

Respiration inspiration (inhalation) expiration (exhalation) diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract thoracic cavity expands expiration (exhalation) diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax thoracic cavity shrinks

Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers

Control of Breathing neural factors chemical factors pons and medulla oblongata chemical factors central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors

Control of Breathing

Lung Volume static dynamic air volume in lungs air volume in lungs based on time

Static Lung Volume tidal volume vital capacity residual volume functional residual capacity inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume total lung capacity

Dynamic Lung Volume forced expiratory volume in one second forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The pons and medulla control breathing. 2. Static lung volume involves time. 3. Muscles contract in inspiration. 4. Larger gas volume, higher pressure. 5. Gas moves from low to high pressure.

Respiratory Disorders and Diseases Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.3 Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

Respiratory Disorders and Diseases upper respiratory tract illnesses lower respiratory tract illnesses chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases asthma lung cancer

Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses

Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses avoiding URIs cover when sneezing and coughing wash hands don’t touch hands to eyes, nose, mouth influenza vaccine icyimage/Shutterstock.com

Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses acute bronchitis inflammation pneumonia infection tuberculosis

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases causes smoking living with COPD stop smoking purse-lipped breathing

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases emphysema decreased lung surface area pink puffers chronic bronchitis inflammation obstructs airways blue bloaters

Asthma asthma attack inflamed and narrowed airways bronchospasms caused by allergens or irritants treatment relaxes muscles to expand airways xavier gallego morel/Shutterstock.com

Lung Cancer more deaths from lung cancer than other cancers non-small cell lung cancer more common lung cancer small cell lung cancer less common lung cancer

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: small cell, bronchospasms, decreased lung surface area, or infection. 1. An asthma attack includes _______________. 2. A symptom of emphysema is _______________. 3. The more common lung cancer is _______________. 4. Tuberculosis is caused by _______________.