Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Warming Local Anesthetics on Injection Pain Mary-Ellen Hogan, BScPhm, PharmD, Sondra vanderVaart,

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Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Warming Local Anesthetics on Injection Pain Mary-Ellen Hogan, BScPhm, PharmD, Sondra vanderVaart, MBA, PhD(c), Kumar Perampaladas, BSc, MSc, Márcio Machado, MSc, PhD, Thomas R. Einarson, MSc, PhD, Anna Taddio, MSc, PhD Annals of Emergency Medicine Volume 58, Issue 1, Pages 86-98.e1 (July 2011) DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.12.001 Copyright © 2011 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Flow of studies selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. IPA, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts; CCRT, Cochrane Central Register of Trials; CINAHL, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; RCT, randomized controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 86-98.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.12.001) Copyright © 2011 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Forest plot for studies grouped by presence and absence of buffering. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 86-98.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.12.001) Copyright © 2011 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Forest plot for studies grouped by location of anesthesia. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 86-98.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.12.001) Copyright © 2011 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Forest plot for studies grouped by anchoring scale with pain from needle. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 86-98.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.12.001) Copyright © 2011 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Funnel plot of studies in meta-analysis. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2011 58, 86-98.e1DOI: (10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.12.001) Copyright © 2011 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions