Review from yesterday… Who was Charlemagne? Frankish emperor who conquered lots of land What is a serf? What is a manor? Peasants tied to land; a large farming estate Knights were… Soldiers who fought for lords What were the Crusades? Why were they fought? Holy wars to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims The leader of the church was the… Pope What is a Fief? Land granted by a lord to a vassal Why did the pope and emperor argue? Over power to appoint church officials

The Formation of Western Europe 800-1500 Mr. Holzhauser World History Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe 800-1500

The Crusades Launched by Pope Urban II -1096 Assist Constantinople in defeating Muslims Retake the Holy Land, and Jerusalem Called for hundreds of Knights Young and old alike–Many came seeking glory and wealth, a new life

First Two Crusades Siege of Jerusalem Crusaders were vicious to Muslims Torture, theft, murder Took control on July 15, 1099 Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem held until 1187

Kingdom of Jerusalem Largest Christian Kingdom in Middle East from 1099-1291 Founded by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 Godfrey’s Brother Baldwin of Boulogne/Edessa becomes 1st king of Jerusalem Dec. 25, 1100 Family remains in power of Jerusalem until 1187

Kingdom of Heaven - Reality Baldwin IV – the Leper King – ruled Jerusalem from 1174-1185 Sister – Queen Sibylla Guy de Lusignan – King of Jerusalem 1186-1194 through marriage to Sibylla – Templar Balian of Ibelin – Crusader and leader of the defense of Jerusalem

Third and Fourth Crusades Major losses for crusaders Saladin, Seljuk Leader takes back Jerusalem - 1187 Relatively peaceful despite crusaders viciousness Negotiated the peaceful surrender of Jerusalem with Balian allowed women and children to go free for ransom Released most others after they were taken prisoner Allows Christians to pilgrimage to Jerusalem safely

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb

Crusaders Richard the Lionheart Frederick Barbarossa All Crusades Holy Roman Emperor All Crusades Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller

Children’s Crusade – 1212 A.D. Led by 12y.o. Stephen of Coyles, 30,000 kids All but 2,000 died or were sold into slavery The Reconquista – 1200’s The re-conquering of Spanish lands held by Muslims The Spanish Inquisition – Church court which tortured heretics

Route of European Crusaders

Paintings of Crusades

Invasions of England (land of Angles) Vikings were a constant threat King Alfred united England into one nation for the 1st time 871-899 After his descendent King Edward died, fights broke out over the throne

William the Conqueror: Edward’s cousin and leader of Normandy (in France) He invaded England and claimed he was king through blood Battle of Hastings - 1066: William defeated his enemies to become king of England England now included many French lands

Alfred the Great; William (young and old)

Battle of Hastings

English Government Changes Common law established: a unified body of law formed over several years Juries used in court; judges collected taxes Magna Carta written (1215): guaranteed basic political rights to rich nobles Supposed to limit king’s power

Magna Carta original

Parliament: law-making group House of Commons: knights and rich people House of Lords: nobles and bishops

The Capetian Family Rules France King Philip II increased French power Won back land from English Philip’s successors increased the power of French king King Louis IX: created appeals court to overturn decisions of local courts Estates-General: meeting of all levels of French society

King Philip II

Crowning of King Philip II; King Louis IX

Homework=Timeline: write what happened for each date 871-899 987-1328 1042-1066 October 14, 1066 1154-1189 1180-1223 1204 June 15, 1215 1226-1270 1300-1400