American Foreign Policy: 1933-1941 Road from Isolation to Intervention

Essential Question What shaped American foreign policy in the 1930s and to what extent was did it adopt isolationism?

1920s Foreign Policy Republicans effort to cut budget pushed disarmament & avoid conflict Washington Conference 1921 led by Sec. of State Hughes naval reductions: Five-Power Treaty reduce largest battleships at ratio: US & GB 5, Japan 3, France & Italy 1.67, Four-Power Treaty: respect territory in Pacific, Nine-Power Treaty: respect Open Door Dawes Plan – “circular loans”: Britain/France owed $10-11 billion in war debts to US banks, Charles Dawes plan in 1924 loaned billion to Germany to pay off debts (collapsed in 1929) Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928: due to pacifist pressure (Jane Addams won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931) Sec. of State Frank Kellogg international pact to outlaw war for nationalist ends signed by most of world (defense OK & no means of enforcement) $ expansion in Latin America: troops in decline (removed from D.R.), but investment doubled “Red Line Agreement” 1928 U.S. negotiated right for U.S. oil companies to drill in Iraq

Hoover Foreign Policy 1929 “Goodwill tour” of Latin America, removed troops from Nicaragua by 1933 & Haiti by 1934 War Debt? Young Plan (1930) renegotiates Dawes plan loans - 1930 1 Year - Debt moratorium 1931 Japan invades Manchuria 1931, becomes “Manchukuo” in 1932, Hoover opposes sanctions, League only condemns Hoover-Stimson Doctrine 1932 refusal to recognize territory taken by force (Manchuria) Japan bombs Shanghai 1932 Sec. of State Henry Stimson

FDR’S 1st Term 1933-1937 “FDR’s Bombshell” 1933 & Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act ‘34 “Good Neighbor” Policy rejects $ Dip. & Roosevelt Corollary – Inter-American Conference 1933, nullify Platt Amendment 1934, trade triples region by ‘41 FDR recognizes USSR – 1933, 1934 agrees to Philippines independence in 10 years Nye Committee releases its findings 1936 Isolationism Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 & 1937 Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND] “Merchants of death”

FDR’s 2nd Term 1937-1941 “Panay Incident” 1937,Yangtze River, invade China, Rape of Nanking FDR’s hawkish “Quarantine Speech” backlash & preparedness Spanish Civil War – Neutral, “Abraham Lincoln Brigade” Munich Conference 1938: failure of “Appeasement” all of Czech. ‘39 1939 Invasion of Poland – WWII begins Rejection of the Jewish refugees aboard the St. Louis 1939 Neutrality Act – “Cash & Carry Policy” America “Arsenal of Democracy” - “Roosevelt Doctrine” Fall of France - Destroyer for Bases Deal – Sep 1940 Selective Service Act of 1940 1st Peacetime 1.2 million drafted

FDR’s 2nd Term 1937-1941 America First Committee – formed 1940 chairman General Robert Wood – Lindberg spokesman, Father Coughlin 1940 Election: Roosevelt defeats Wendell Willkie for 3rd Term Lend-Lease Act Dec. 1940 – Still Neutral? “Four Freedoms” speech Jan. 1941 Atlantic Charter – April 1941 FDR & Churchill post-war principles “Shoot-on-Sight” July 1941 authorized Navy to attack U-boats

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Prime Minister Hideki Tojo

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane

A date which will live in infamy! Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

FDR Signs the War Declaration

USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Memorial 2,887 Americans Dead