Tourism …is the short-term circular migration of people to places outside their normal place of work or residence for the purpose of leisure or for work.

Travel and Tourism (T&T) - the world’s largest industry Share of world: % of Total (2000) GDP 11.0 Employment 8.0 Exports 7.9 Capital Investment 9.4 A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

…but tourism wealth is not evenly distributed

Travel and Tourism (T&T) - the world’s largest industry Share of world: % of Total (2000) GDP 11.0 Employment 8.0 Exports 7.9 Capital Investment 9.4 A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

International Tourist Arrivals 2000 Millions

Share of World Total International Tourist Arrivals 2000 Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO) Average Receipts Per Arrival 2000 US $ Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

Share of World Total International Tourist Receipts 2000 Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

It should be remembered that European countries tend to have higher tourism figures than elsewhere because of the short distances and ease of travel required to cross national borders within Europe.

International Tourist Arrivals 1999 1607 8.2% 2482 2000 1787 11.2% 2641 Year New Zealand Growth Rate India 5.2% 6.4%

International Tourist Receipts US$ MLN 1999 2083 20.7% 3009 2000 2068 -0.7% 3296 Year New Zealand Growth Rate India 2.1% 9.6%

The period of mass tourism (1950 to the present) MEDCs LEDCs  

World Travel & Tourism - The Future

MEDCs The top destinations are France, Spain, the United States and Italy. The loss of tourism income to LEDCs have made MEDCs actively promote domestic tourism to their residents.

Phenomenal Explosion of Domestic Tourism Year Domestic 1990 63,817,285 1998 168,196,000 1999 176,082,442 2000 210,082,442

Average Length of Stay in the Country India Canada Brazil France Hong Kong/China Japan Malaysia Singapore(1997) Spain Thailand Days 31.2 5.22 13.00 7.31 3.38 8.80 5.50 2.60 12.9 8.4

Global tourism: growing fast Tourism is the world's largest industry, with an annual revenue of almost $500 billion. And it is growing fast, with airline arrivals expected to double by 2010 from 2008.

The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) estimated there were nearly 900 million international tourist arrivals in 2007 from 846 million in 2006, an increase of about 6 per cent. This represents nearly 52 million more arrivals than in 2006 and they are expected to reach 1.6 billion by 2020. The international tourism receipts totalled US $ 733 billion in 2006.

Most visited countries The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the European continent.

International tourism receipts The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten tourism earners for the year 2007. It is noticeable that most of them are on the European continent, but the United States continues to be the top earner.

International tourism top spenders The World Tourism Organization reports the following 10 countries as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2007. For the fifth year in a row, German tourists continue as the top spenders. A study by Dresdner Bank study[9] forecasts that for 2008 Germans and Europeans in general will continue to be the top spenders because of the strength of the Euro against the United States dollar, with strong demand for the US in favor of other destinations.

Most visited attractions It is noticeable that 4 out of the top 5 are in the North America continent.

Most visited cities

Travel Before: luxury for the privileged few. Now: for the masses

LEDCs with well-developed tourism industries: Brazil China Egypt India Indonesia Malaysia Mexico Morocco Thailand Tunisia

The rapid growth since 1950 is due to: increased mobility

greater affluence

advertising

greater media coverage

mass tourism by TNCs

improvements in facilities and infrastructure

reduction in cost of travel

There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as Bali and European cities. On December 26, 2004 a tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.

Tourism can be classified according to the purpose of the travel…

…and the way in which it is organised group tours (like packaged tours) individual travel

Tourism destinations can be classified in many ways…

TOURISM IN LEDCs Before 1970s: explorers, traders, colonisers, missionaries, scientists and administrators. After 1970s: transport improvements + LEDC governments wanted to raise income from tourism.

+ A “smoke-less industry”. A more reliable earner. An opportunity to raise money to preserve national culture, wildlife and unique natural features.

÷ It creates problems if the LEDCs have diverted their attention away from food production and farming. Dependence on MEDCs. Leakage back to TNC headquarters. Few benefits to local people. Wealthy “golden ghettos. Further aggravated if substantial government investment is made in “golden ghettos”.

The size of tourism as a global industry doubles every 15 years.

It is the biggest growth industry, employer and source of revenue in the world!

There has been an upmarket trend in the tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe where international travel for short breaks is common. Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and greater leisure time and they are also better-educated and have more sophisticated tastes. There is now a demand for a better quality products, which has resulted in a fragmenting of the mass market for beach vacations; people want more specialised versions, such as Club 18-30, quieter resorts, family-oriented holidays, or niche market-targeted destination hotels.

The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-cost airlines, and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse. The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets and low-cost airlines, and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. There have also been changes in lifestyle, such as retiree-age people who sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourism products. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.

Domestic tourism (people going on holiday in their own country) is generally thought to be 4-5 times greater than international arrivals.