Techniques of Referencing

You should be able to: Read books, articles and journals by one or more authors Produce content quotation (in-text citation) according to the MLA, CMS, APA.

Why reference material? Helps to build credibility by demonstrating accountability to source material. Acknowledges the authorship of the work or idea; Respects research and writing; Required by copyright law to acknowledge source; Readers can evaluate the credibility of sources.

Academic Dishonesty Plagiarism > the intentional or accidental un-credited use of source material created by others. UG’s policy: warnings and penalties

What to Document Word-for-word (direct) quotations from someone else’s writing, speaking, or electronic communication. Paraphrases and summaries of someone else’s work, whether or not the work was published or was presented in a more informal setting such as an interview or e-mail. Ideas, opinions, interpretations that other people have developed and presented.

What to Document Information that is not widely accepted or that is disputed. Illustrations, charts, graphs, photographs, recordings, original software, performances, interviews, etc. In other words, ALL material that is not your own.

What NOT to Document Ideas, opinions, and interpretations that are YOUR OWN. Widely known, or commonly accepted, ideas and information. E.g, dates in history, the President of a country.

Sources Books (authors; editors) Magazines Online articles; radio and TV Performances Speeches Text Messages; Email Discussions Unpublished works Letters Database

Formatting Styles In-text citation Notes and Bibliographic information APA (American Psychological Association) CMS (Chicago Manual of Style) MLA (Modern Language Association)

Footnotes & Endnotes Footnotes will be added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, and endnotes will be compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

Ibid. If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the corresponding note should use the word “Ibid.”. If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s). Ibid., 69-70 James (2007a) James (2007b)

MLA Author and Page number Author (Year: Page Number) (Elliot 3) END NOTES

APA In-text citations Reference Paraphrases/summaries; Concepts; direct quotations Reference The case of same author (?)

Author(s). (Date). Title of work. Place of publication: Publisher.

Handouts (Available now at the copy-shop) REF TECH #1A > General info on documentation REF TECH #1B > APA

Assessment 2 Critical Review Your interpretation/analysis of the work.. Research/read other materials. Choices: article (speech), book, movie, letter. Consult your tutorial lecturer.