IPA Vowel Symbols [i] small i [ɪ] small cap i (shorter than ordinary upper-case “I” – it’s lower case) [e] small e [ɛ] epsilon [æ] ash (start in upper left, make a backwards “c”, then an ordinary ‘e’) [ɑ] script a (note the difference between [ɑ] and [a]) [a] typewriter a ash (start in upper left) [ɔ] open o [o] small o [ʊ] upsilon (note the “wings”; the wings have to be there) [u] small u (the vertical line to the right has to be there) [ʌ] caret (NOT carrot) or wedge or turned-v [ɚ] schwar (start in upper left, make a backwards “c”; tilde(~) means rhotic) [ə] schwa (start in upper left, make a backwards “c”, stop)

(excluding the obvious ones – b, d, g, p, t, k, w, l, etc.) IPA Consonant Symbols (excluding the obvious ones – b, d, g, p, t, k, w, l, etc.) [θ] theta (this is an upper case character) [ð] eth or bar d [ʃ]/[š] long s or esh (long s goes above and below the line; diacritc on [š]=hacek) [ʒ]/[ž] long z (the “hook” goes below the line; diacritc on [ž]=hacek) [ʔ] glottal stop [tʃ]/[č] t/long s [dʒ]/[ǰ] d/long z [ʍ] upside-down ‘w’ or voiceless ‘w’ (which [ʍ] vs. witch [w]) [ŋ] engma or long n (the “hook” goes below the line) [ɾ] flap