Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresyl Sulfate in Chronic Kidney Disease Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresyl Sulfate in Chronic Kidney Disease. Could These Toxins Modulate the Antioxidant Nrf2-Keap1 Pathway? Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto, PhD, Denis Fouque, PhD, Christophe O. Soulage, PhD, Marine Croze, PhD, Denise Mafra, PhD Journal of Renal Nutrition Volume 24, Issue 5, Pages 286-291 (September 2014) DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2013.11.006 Copyright © 2014 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions
Figure 1 Nuclear factor (erythroid-2-related factor)-2 levels from hemodialysis patients and healthy individuals (P < .005). Journal of Renal Nutrition 2014 24, 286-291DOI: (10.1053/j.jrn.2013.11.006) Copyright © 2014 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions
Figure 2 Putative mechanism of Nrf2 and protein-bound uremic toxins. AREs, antioxidant response elements; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH associating protein-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-2-related factor)-2; OAT, organic anion transporter; ROS, reactive oxygen species. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2014 24, 286-291DOI: (10.1053/j.jrn.2013.11.006) Copyright © 2014 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Terms and Conditions