5.3 Classic Evidence: Myers and Diener (1995) Approach 5: The Positive Approach 5.3 Classic Evidence: Myers and Diener (1995)

Starter Imagine a person who we could classify as “happy”. Describe this person. What personality traits do they have? What lifestyle do they live? How do they spend their days? How old are they? Are they a man or woman? Are they religious? Are they wealthy? What is their family like? What race or culture are they?

Aim and Context Who is happy? Psychology focuses on misery and suffering Thomas Szasz “Happiness is an imaginary condition, formally attributed by the living to the dead, and by adults to children, and by children to adults.”

Aim and Context Acknowledge that happiness is more common than we think it is. Who are the “happy people”? Why are some happier than others? Is happiness related to age, gender, race etc? Does wealth affect happiness? What about personality?

Aim and Context Aims: Pool together previous research into happiness to answer three questions Who are the happy people? What traits are related to happiness? What elements should be a part of theories of happiness?

Methodology and Procedures Not a study A literature review An article which includes the current knowledge on a topic including previous studies and findings, as well as theories explaining a particular phenomenon. Literature reviews use secondary sources, and do not report new or original experimental work.

Methodology and Procedures We can look at the research methods used by the studies in the literature review. Happiness can be studied and measured in a number of ways. Interviews and questionnaires, observations, correlations, and meta analyses. We will look again at these research methods in much more depth in Component 2: Investigating Behaviour

Findings and COnclusions Read the original article (ALL OF IT!) Find the information for each of the questions Note down the study and the year e.g. Smith et al (2009). You can do this alone or in groups/pairs and split the work.

Evaluation Before we evaluate this study, can you think of any strengths or weaknesses?

Evaluation: Methodology and Procedures When we evaluate this study, there are a number of methodologies that we are actually evaluating. The literature review itself The research methods used in the studies it references (mainly self-report and correlations) The sample of participants used

Evaluation: Methodology and Procedures The literature review Potential of bias Could not include every piece of research Therefore, the ones included may have been chosen because they support theories and ideas that Myers and Diener wanted to support Researcher Bias

Evaluation: Methodology and Procedures Self report data Participants may lie Social desirability Subjectivity Lack of insight Reliability

Evaluation: Methodology and Procedures Correlations Causation Intervening variables

Evaluation: Methodology and Procedures The Sample Much of the research conducted into happiness has used samples of participants from the West such as Europe and the USA. What is wrong with using such samples as a basis for theories of happiness?

Evaluation: Alternative Evidence In your opinion, what is the main cause of a person’s level of happiness and life satisfaction? How much is due to genes? How much is due to circumstance How much is due to self-control?

Evaluation: Alternative Evidence Howell and Hill (2009) Money could produce happiness, but only if it was spent on “experiences” rather than material goods. Suggests that the relationship between money and happiness is more complex than previous research suggests.

Evaluation: Alternative Evidence One of the key findings in this literature review is that happiness is stable over time. What did Schinka et al (2004) do and find (pg 98)? What does this say about the conclusions from Myers and Diener?

Evaluation: Alternative Evidence What did Lyubomirsky (2013) do and find (pg 98)? What does this say about the conclusions from Myers and Diener?

Evaluation: Ethical issues and Social Implications Ethics of the methodology Literature review is very ethical No participants, no harm! Self report data Psychological harm Privacy Observations Invasion of privacy

Evaluation: Ethical issues and Social Implications Socially sensitive research Potential consequences or implications, either directly for the participants in the research or for the class of individuals represented by the research Which groups may be discriminated against due to the findings of this research?

Exam practice Exam corner on pg 99 Classic evidence activity pg 104