The Influence of Risk Factors on the Involvement of School Aged Youth with Gangs, Guns, and Delinquency in El Salvador: Findings from the El Salvador Youth Survey Research Objective Two main purposes 1) Examine the effect of risk and protective factor on gang, gun, crime and delinquency involvement of Salvadorian youth 2) Provide Salvadorian policy makers with a framework and evidence for establishing prevention and intervention strategies Research Question(s) How do risk factors influence involvement with gangs, guns, and delinquency among school aged youth in El Salvador? Peer-Individual factors Family Factors School Factors Community Factors Methods and Data El Salvador Youth Survey (2014-15 ) 6th and 9th graders in 81 schools in El Salvador (n = 8900; n = 6268) Outcome Variable: Gang Involvement Being a member, being a member but wanting to leave, being a former member, best friend in gang, current friends in gang Outcome Variable: Gun Involvement Self-report having a gun for protection or criminal activity Outcome Variable: Crime and Delinquency Involvement Six items of self-reported crime/delinquency Covariates: 30 Risk Factors Lidia E. Nuño & Vincent J. Webb

Risk Factors associated with Gang Involvement Gang Involvement = 19.6% (n=1229) Risk Factors Community High community disorganization (+) Perceived availability of handguns (+) Family Family history of antisocial behavior (+) Poor family management (+) Parental attitudes favorable towards alcohol use (+) Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use (-) Peer-Individual Antisocial Peers (+) Peers’ drug use (+) Peers’ alcohol use (+) Rewards for antisocial involvement (+) Depression (+) Sensation seeking (+) The +/- refers to the associations -- Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use was actually related to a DECREASE in GM

Risk Factors associated with Gun Involvement Gun Involvement = 5.3% (n=327) Risk Factors Community Perceived availability of handguns (+) Perceived availability of drugs (-) Family Poor family management (+) Peer-Individual Antisocial Peers (+) Peers’ drug use (+) Rewards for antisocial involvement (+) Sensation seeking (+)

Risk Factors associated with Crime and Delinquency Involvement in Crime and Delinquency = 8.5% (n=517) Risk Factors Community High community disorganization (+) Laws and norms favorable to drugs (+) Perceived availability of handguns (+) Family Family history of antisocial behavior (+) Parental attitudes favorable towards antisocial (+) Peer-Individual Rebelliousness (+) Early initiation of antisocial behavior (+) Attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior (+) Depression (+) The +/- refers to the associations -- Parental attitudes favorable towards drug use was actually related to a DECREASE in GM