Body Organization
Learning Objectives: Identify terms relating to the organization of the body Describe the properties of life Label the structures of the cell & describe the function of each Describe the organization of the body from the smallest unit to the largest Describe organs of the body in relation to plane, region, or cavity of location Describe disorders resulting from defects in cell organization
4 basic properties of life: Reception - ability of organism to control it’s actions & respond to changes in the environment Metabolism – process of taking in & using nutrients to produce energy and growth Reproduction – ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species Organization – divides the organism into distinct parts to perform these functions
Two major types of study of human body Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy Study of body structures & their location Five levels of body structure: Cells – smallest unit of life Tissues – combinations of similar cells Organs – collections of tissues working together to provide a major body function Body Systems – organs that work together to provide a major body function Organisms – beings that result when body systems work together to maintain life
Cell Structure
Cell Structure Organelles-major structures of the cell include: Nucleus-controls activity of the cell & directs reproduction Cytoplasm-semifluid material, surrounds cell parts, transports chemicals & nutrients within the cell Mitochondria-produce energy used for cellular processes Cell Membrane-surrounds the cell & controls which substances enter & leave cell
Cell Structure Lysosomes-help digest molecules Ribosomes-attached to endoplasmic reticulum, work to produce protein for cell structures Golgi apparatus-helps to transport proteins made by ribosomes out of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum-makes fats (lipids), steroid hormones, & some carbohydrates
Homeostasis the tendency of a cell or the whole organism to maintain a state of balance Molecules pass in & out of cell to maintain this balance Cells constantly adjust to preserve balance of -fluids - temperature - oxygen - electrolytes -nutrients
Electrolytes Electrolytes –compounds made of charged particles called ions Ions can can conduct electrical current in cytoplasm - positive charge creates acid - negative charge creates base pH of a fluid is a measurement of how much acid or base is present Each body tissue has a normal pH and cells can’t function properly if normal pH is not maintained
Tissue Types 4 main groups of body tissue: Epithelial-covers the body, forms glands, lines surface of cavities and organs Connective-formed by a protein, includes soft tissue such as fat and blood cells & hard tissue such as bones, ligaments, and cartilage Muscle-made of protein, has unique property of shortening in length to produce movement Nervous-mostly composed of neurons, transmits communication, located in eyes, ears, brain, spinal cord & peripheral nerves
Physiology Physiology is the study of the functions of the body Functions are studied according to body systems Body system is a group of related organs that together accomplish functions necessary to maintain & support life
Body Systems
Integumentary System Covers the body and protects other body systems
Cardiovascular System Transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products
Circulatory System Includes the blood and lymph that move throughout the body
Exchanges gases between the air and blood Respiratory System Exchanges gases between the air and blood
Muscular System Allows the body to move & controls movements within the body
Skeletal System Provides body support and protection
Digestive System Processes food and eliminates food waste
Urinary System Filters the blood and removes liquid waste
Endocrine System Coordinates body activities through hormones
Nervous System Regulates the environment and directs the activities of other body systems
Sensory System Perceives the environment and sends messages to and from the brain
Reproductive System Provides for human reproduction