Treatment of Glioma in the 21st Century: An Exciting Decade of Postsurgical Treatment Advances in the Molecular Era Joon H. Uhm, MD, Alyx B. Porter,

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Treatment of Glioma in the 21st Century: An Exciting Decade of Postsurgical Treatment Advances in the Molecular Era Joon H. Uhm, MD, Alyx B. Porter, MD Mayo Clinic Proceedings Volume 92, Issue 6, Pages 995-1004 (June 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.01.010 Copyright © 2017 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Signal transduction pathways in glioma. AKT = protein kinase B or serine/threonine kinase; mTOR = mechanistic target of rapamycin; PKC = protein kinase C; PTEN = phosphatase and tensin homolog; p53 = tumor protein 53; TF = transcription factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor. ∗ Indicates targets for chemotherapy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2017 92, 995-1004DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Therapeutic challenges and potential solutions presented by immunologically based therapies. A = tumor mass; B = tumor antigens are processed by the dendritic cells, which present the antigens to T cells, thereby converting naive T cells to their activated forms; C = activated T cells are capable of entering the central nervous system via expression of specific cell surface molecules; D = tumor microenvironment; EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor; red triangles = blood-brain barrier. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2017 92, 995-1004DOI: (10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.01.010) Copyright © 2017 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions