State of the art on anticoagulant rodenticides CA-May13-Doc.10.2.a State of the art on anticoagulant rodenticides Berny Ph Esther A. Jacob J Prescott C 17/05/13

Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides 2-Resistance to anticoagulants EU perspective Monitoring 3-Alternatives to rodenticides 4-Monitoring systems of use 5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning 6-Professional training 17/05/13

Introduction First AR : Warfarin late 40s’ First resistance : early 60s’ Expectation for rodenticide : Delayed action (bait aversion, neophobia) Palatable Poorly persistent Antidote 17/05/13

Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides 2-Resistance to anticoagulants EU perspective Monitoring 3-Alternatives to rodenticides 4-Monitoring systems of use 5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning 6-Professional training 17/05/13

1-Research developments Acute rodenticides Alpha-chloralose Effective against mice (limited infestations) IF palatable « New » rodenticides Zinc phosphide Active against some field rodents Bait shyness (rapid-acting) Bromethalin Active in all rodent spcies, including AR-resistant strains Toxicity ! No antidote (see 5) 17/05/13

1-Research developments « New » rodenticides Calciferol New dossier, calcification of blood vessels. Slow-acting, effective in AR-resistant strains Palatability ? No antidote (toxic to carnivores) Secondary poisoning ??? Associated with small dose of AR ? 17/05/13

1-Research developments « New » rodenticides Methaemoglobin-forming compounds Under development in NZ Rapid action (needs refinment for rodents) Partial antidote Potential candidate for >2015 ? « new » AR Patent on new AR active on rodents (including resistant strains) but not persistent (2011) for >2016 ? 17/05/13

1-Research developments Our present conclusions Limited research/development in a foreseable future AR still a very interesting option so far Almost 100% reliance on 1 class of compounds is questionable Research on formulations (micro-encapsulation) 17/05/13

Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides 2-Resistance to anticoagulants EU perspective Monitoring 3-Alternatives to rodenticides 4-Monitoring systems of use 5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning 6-Professional training 17/05/13

2-Resistance EU perspective Genetic basis : Vkorc1 gene, SNPs’ in all three rodent species Cross-resistance for AR Warfarin >chloro >broma>difen>Brodif=Difeth Mice > Norway/black rats Resistant rodents have +[AR] for prolonged period Increased use of 2nd generation AR Risk for secondary poisoning 17/05/13

2-Resistance EU perspective Evidence of AR-resistant rodent >30%AR-resistant rodent in surveys +Homozygotes 17/05/13

2-Resistance Resistance monitoring 17/05/13

2-Resistance Resistance monitoring Genotyping OK for all 3 species Covers MOST (but not all…) resistant strains Needs more work to link mutations with resistance level Include GIS mapping and clusters for pan-european view and further evaluation of new AI 17/05/13

Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides 2-Resistance to anticoagulants EU perspective Monitoring 3-Alternatives to rodenticides 4-Monitoring systems of use 5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning 6-Professional training 17/05/13

3-Alternatives to rodenticides Mechanical alternatives Traps, ultra-sounds, vibration… Limited, not 100% effective, small infestations Repellents Plant extracts : some effect. Limited, toxicity ? Pheromon attractants : evidence of efficacy, but needs more work Fertility control Chemosterilant : on-going project in the US Partially effective after several weeks of daily absorption 17/05/13

3-Alternatives to rodenticides Integrated rodent control Rodent-proofing Removal of shelter, food-sources Management of resistance Identification of resistant strain Choice of rodenticide or other strategy Alternate baits (non AR) 17/05/13

Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides 2-Resistance to anticoagulants EU perspective Monitoring 3-Alternatives to rodenticides 4-Monitoring systems of use 5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning 6-Professional training 17/05/13

4-Monitoring systems of use No clear picture at that point Experience from France Need more data !!! 17/05/13

Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides 2-Resistance to anticoagulants EU perspective Monitoring 3-Alternatives to rodenticides 4-Monitoring systems of use 5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning 6-Professional training 17/05/13

5-Monitoring systems of non-target poisoning Human exposure Poison control centers in almost all EU+ countries Long term data Not a significant issue for AR 17/05/13 Data : AAPCC Total # of cases (left) ; ratio of AR vs total cases received (‰) (right)

5-Monitoring systems of non-target poisoning Animal exposure Limited information published. Wildlife ±, Domestic species : almost nothing Long term data for wildlife in some countries High prevalence of residues of AR in many predators and scavengers BUT no link (yet) with biocidal use or plant protection product use 17/05/13

5-Monitoring systems of non-target poisoning Animal exposure Confirmed cases with field uses Evidence from US : very few outdoors uses BUT wildlife exposure Need for more data, surveys on non-target species to monitor biocidal products Need for correspondents in several MSs’ Fears about « other » rodenticides : bromethalin in the US 17/05/13

Summary Introduction 1-Research developments for new rodenticides 2-Resistance to anticoagulants EU perspective Monitoring 3-Alternatives to rodenticides 4-Monitoring systems of use 5-Monitoring systems for non-target poisoning 6-Professional training 17/05/13

6-Training for professional users Limited evidence ESP, F, G, Malta CEPA working on a common project at the EU level Need for clear definition of « professional use » 17/05/13

AR necessary, few alternatives today Conclusions AR necessary, few alternatives today Development needed to have other alternatives (including bait formulation) Resistance management and integrated rodent control programs should be enforced Non-target incidents to be monitored in pets and wildlife Enhance professional training 17/05/13

Work on current Risk Mitigation Measures Perspectives Work on current Risk Mitigation Measures Dataset 09/13 Interviews and survey on RMMs’ Comparison with other countries (non-EU) Proposals for common RMMs’ Collaborative work for 2014 17/05/13