Egyptian Revolution of 1919 and the Politics of the Street HIST 107: Modern Middle East Stacy Fahrenthold 12 October 2016

Primary source analysis Haikus 5 – 7 – 5 syllable pattern Example: 1919 General Syrian Congress Protest Petition (Smith 123): We of Damascus, are unfit for self-rule? No, You’re uncivilized.

Context: Egypt During WWI

Hizb al-Wafd (The Wafd Party) Zaghlul in Yellow Circle. Note the presence of Christian and Muslim leaders

Sa'ad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party Wafd = “delegation” Zaghlul: lawyer and nationalist against British protectorate. Approach: step-by-step independence via collaboration with British government. Methods: petitions, civil disobedience, appeals to international forum and League of Nations.

1919 Revolution Wafd Petitions, Strikes, Demonstrations 8 March: Sa'ad Zaghlul exiled Confrontations in city, armed insurrection in countryside British repression, 3,000 dead Dec. 1919- March 1920 Milner Mission Note: Christian and Muslim symbols (the crescent and cross here) were used simultaneously to show the Revolution's support across faiths.

Women's Wafd

The Ladies Demonstrations, 1919 Above: Egyptian Women addresses a male audience. Right: demonstrating Ladies, 1919 - Elite women, using petitions, entering traditionally “male” public squares. - The Women's Wafd: partner to Wafd Party, and nationalist causes preeminent. - Women as national symbols: as mothers, wives, as nation embodied.

Egyptian Feminism v Nationalism Above: Safiyya Zaghlul (L) and Huda Shaarawi. These images appeared in the press, 1922.

Outcomes: Egyptian Monarchy Feb. 1922: British unilaterally declare Egyptian independence Several “catches” King Fu'ad, the Wafd, the the British 1923 Constitution Monarchy lasts until Free Officers Revolution in 1952 (Nasser)