Reaction Types

Nuclear Reactions Transmutations Fission and Fusion Natural and Artificial Alpha and Beta Decay, Positron Emission Fission and Fusion

Transmutations Any reaction where one element is transformed into a different element Nuclear Reactions Natural Has one reactant Alpha and Beta Decay, Positron Emission Artificial Has more than one reactant Particle Accelerators

Radioactive Decay Radioisotopes will undergo decay reactions to become more stable Alpha Decay Beta Decay Positron Emission

Fission Splitting of a larger atom into two or more smaller pieces Nuclear Power Plants One Example:

Fusion Joining of two or more smaller pieces to make a larger piece Sun, Stars Examples

Chemical Reactions Synthesis Decomposition Single Replacement Double Replacement Neutralization Combustion Reduction-Oxidation Organic Chemistry Reactions

Chemical Reactions Synthesis Decomposition 1 product 2Mg + O2  2MgO 1 reactant 2NaCl  2Na + Cl2

Chemical Reactions Single Replacement Double Replacement Reactants - Element and Compound Metal replaces metal, nonmetal replace nonmetal Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2 Double Replacement Reactants – 2 compounds Front pieces trade places AgNO3 + NaCl  NaNO3 + AgCl

Neutralization Acid + Base  Water + Salt HA + BOH  HOH + BA Double Replacement Reaction HA + BOH  HOH + BA Examples: HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl HNO3 + LiOH  H2O + LiNO3 H2SO4 + 2KOH  2 H2O + K2SO4

Combustion Chemical change in which an element or a compound reacts with oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat and light O2 is a reactant 2Mg + O2  2MgO

Redox Reactions Reduction – Oxidation, or redox, involves the transfer of electrons Reduction – gain of electrons Oxidation – loss of electrons LEO goes GER Lose Electrons Oxidation Gain Electrons Reduction

Net Ionic Equation Shows only the ions involved in the redox reaction, not spectator ions Still shows conservation of mass and charge Zn + CuSO4  Cu + ZnSO4 Zn + Cu+2  Cu + Zn+2

Half Reactions Only shows one element and how many electrons are gained or lost Zn + CuSO4  Cu + ZnSO4 Zn  Zn+2 + 2e- Oxidation Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu Reduction

Organic Chemistry Reactions Saponification Fermentation Combustion Addition Substitution Polymerization (2 types) Esterification

Organic Chemistry Reactions Saponification Production of Soap Fermentation Production of ethanol and CO2 from sugar C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Combustion Complete Combustion of a Hydrocarbon Example: CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O Example: C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

Addition Addition of a halogen onto an alkene or alkyne Br Br │ │ │ │ H─ C≡ C─ H + Br─Br  H─ C= C─ H Br Br Br Br │ │ │ │ H─ C= C─ H + Cl─Cl  H─ C─ C─ H │ │ Cl Cl

Substitution Substitution of one halogen in place of a hydrogen on an alkane H H H H │ │ │ │ H─ C─ C─ H + Cl─Cl  H─ C─ C─ H + H ─ Cl H H H Cl H H Br H │ │ │ │ H─ C─ C─ H + Br─Br  H─ C─ C─ H + H ─ Br H Cl H Cl

Polymerization -(C2H4)n- Connecting of smaller pieces into a long repeating chain Plastics, starches, nylon Two types: Addition Condensation -(C2H4)n-

Esterification Production of an Ester from an alcohol and acid Acid + Alcohol  Ester + Water O H O H ǁ │ ǁ │ H─ C─ O ─ H + H ─O ─C ─H  H─ C─ O ─ C─ H + H2O │ │ H H

Other Types Entropy Phase Changes Ionic Dissociation

Entropy Increasing Entropy Solid  Liquid  Gas Solid  Dissolved

Phase Changes Substances change in phase only

Ionic Dissociation Ions separate as solvent molecules mix