Intracellular bacteria and adverse pregnancy outcomes D. Baud, G. Greub  Clinical Microbiology and Infection  Volume 17, Issue 9, Pages 1312-1322 (September 2011) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03604.x Copyright © 2011 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 1 Phenotypic identification of Listeria at the species level. Listeria spp. appear as short Gram-positive rods (a). Listeria monocytogenes is β-haemolytic (b); this haemolysis allows discrimination of L. monocytogenes from Listeria innocua (the most common non-pathogenic Listeria species), which is non-haemolytic (c); to differentiate L. monocytogenes from Listeria seelgeri and Listeria ivanovii, which are haemolytic, the Christie, Atkins and Munch-Petersen (CAMP) test is generally used (c); briefly, the haemolysis caused by L. monocytogenes is enhanced in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the haemolysis caused by L. ivanovii is increased by the presence of Rhodococcus equii. Note that, in contrast to Lactobacillus spp., Listeria species are catalase-positive and motile; the test of motility is shown in (d). Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2011 17, 1312-1322DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03604.x) Copyright © 2011 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 2 Waddlia chondrophila within endometrial cells, as seen by confocal microscopy. Note that, 48–72 h post-infection, there are numerous bacteria (stained green with polyclonal anti-Waddlia antibodies) in Ishikawa endometrial cells (a). However, at 96 h post-infection, the bacteria transform into persistent enlarged aberrant bodies that may be up to 5 µm in diameter (b). These persistent forms may explain the occurrence of recurrent episodes of miscarriage. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2011 17, 1312-1322DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03604.x) Copyright © 2011 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions