600 - 1450 C.E. (Before Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492) Post-Classical AP Test Review! Post = After Classical = ‘Ancient Big Empires’ (like Rome / Han) 600 - 1450 C.E. (Before Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492)

Islam! Muhammad - last prophet of Allah, received message from Angel Gabriel near Mecca Forced from Mecca to Medina (hijra), formed umma After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr wrote Quran, formed 5 pillars, started Umayyad Caliphate Sunni / Shi’a schism over who should be caliph

Abbasid Caliphate Baghdad - capital ‘Golden Age’ of culture Very cosmopolitan Did not force conversion to Islam Taxed non-Muslims Overextended, many military threats Fragmented (Fatimid in Egypt, Umayyad Spain, Samanid in Persia) Mamluk (Turk) slaves used as soldiers very expensive Fell to Mongols 1258 Abbasid Caliphate

Eastern Europe (Byzantine Empire) Constantinople - capital Continued Roman traditions Emperor Justinian created Justinian Code (Law Code) Emperor was also patriarch of Eastern Orthodox Church Hagia Sophia! Key location as crossroads of trade from Mediterranean to Silk Road Influenced Kievan Russia Lost power and territory throughout Post-Classical period

Western Europe (Medieval / Middle Ages) After fall of Rome, Western (Latin) Europe was divided, little trade, education lost Lords fought each other, Vikings attacked Feudalism (Manor System), Castles Attempts at uniting Europe: Charlemagne - brief period of education Holy Roman Empire - Germanic kingdoms but under Pope’s influence Catholic Church and papacy offered cultural unity Pope fought with kings for power over Church appointments Monasteries - places of literacy, also offered aid to those in need

Late Middle Ages (Renaissance) Crusades - invasions to free Holy Lands in the Middle East from Muslims. Europeans gained trade, wealth, and lost knowledge of Classical Age (Greece & Rome) Black Death - led to serfs demanding freedom and end of Feudalism Increased trade with Middle East & Silk Road led to wealth of Italy, start of Renaissance Key Renaissance Ideas! Printing Press, Humanism, Gothic Architecture, patrons, Medici, Giotto, Da Vinci Michelangelo

West Africa East Africa Traded across Trans-Saharan, gained gold (Some slave trade but very small) Ghana - first nation outside Middle East to adopt Islam, adopted Islam peacefully Mali - Larger, wealthier. Mansa Musa performed hajj, spread wealth, built mosques to encourage conversion to Islam Traded on Indian Ocean ‘Swahili Coast’ Muslim traders mixed Arabic & Persian with Bantu to create Swahili language Main port: Kilwa Traded with inland kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe

India (Delhi Sultanate) Muslim invaders enforced rule harshly but provided some unity for divided India Later rulers were tolerant of Hindus but the division and tensions between the two religions remained high The Gujurat region (dominated by Muslims) heavily influenced trade on Indian Ocean and spread Islam

CHINA! TANG YUAN MING SONG Buddhism introduced Changan - capital Silk Road trade Cosmopolitan Forced tributary system Challenged by Tibet, UIghurs, Turks Problems blamed on Buddhists MING Beijing - capital Confucian order restored Silk Road closed Emperor Yongle expands trade on Indian Ocean, sends Zheng He China becomes closed off, fears foreign influence YUAN Mongol Empire run by Kublai Khan Beijing - capital Confucian order disrupted Silk Road re-opened led to spread of Bubonic Plague Cosmopolitan, merchants gain power Marco Polo visits then returns to Europe and sparks interest in trade with China SONG Southern Song Very crowded Canton - capital Silk Road closed Neo-Confucianism Chan Buddhism Confucianism reinforced Women suppressed (Footbinding) Many intellectual developments

Korea Japan Before Mongols attack - Koryo Dynasty Woodblock printing developed Mongols attack, Koryo resisted Korea devastated After Yuan Empire fell, Koryo overthrown and Yi Dynasty started Further development of woodblock printing Advancements with gunpowder 600-1185 Yamato government Capital - Kyoto (Heian) Adopted Tang characteristics: Confucianism, Buddhism, centralized political ruling style Fujiwara family dominated govt, favored education and valued culture Kamakura Shogunate overthrows Yamato in 1185, established military government Mongols attack fails BUT Kamakura Shogunate prepares for invasion, overspends & collapses Ashikaga Shogunate takes control of Kyoto, but quickly breaks down into regional wars between daimyo (Onin War)

Mesoamerica Andean Teotihuacan, Toltecs, Mayans, Aztecs Large urban centers-center of trade Wealthy elites live in center of city near temples, display wealth with diet & dress Sacrifice performed to please polytheistic gods Chinampas - floating gardens Long distance trade, advanced textiles Mayans develop advanced calendar systems, hieroglyphic and cursive writing systems, number placement values Aztecs use tribute to keep local tribes villages weak Aztec king chosen by clans Moche, Tiwanaku & Wari, Inca Large urban centers-center of trade Wealthy elites live in center of city near temples, display wealth with diet & dress Sacrifice performed to please polytheistic gods Specialized trade between villages, clans, regions ayllu - clans mit’a - shared labor khipu - records Moche develop advanced metallurgy Tiwanaku & Wari advanced architecture Incas use tribute to keep local tribes villages weak, use mit’a system to force obedience and colonize to expand for resources Inca king hereditary primogeniture