Sub-Saharan African Civilizations

East Africa

Kush Located south of Egypt Independent State by 1000BCE Based on farming Major exports include iron, ivory, gold and slaves

Kush Kingdom

Meroe 1

Meroe 2

Kush Coins

Axum Began as an arab trading colony Access to Red Sea (Trade Routes) Competed with Kush over Ivory Conquered Kush in 4th Century AD 324 AD – King Ezana converts to Christianity

Royal Tomb

Axum

Axum Church

African Migrations Spread agriculture and herding Importance of Bananas Agriculture  Pop Growth  Government

African Political Organization Stateless Societies No elaborate hierarchy Governance through family/kinship groups Ruling Councils Chiefdoms Village conflicts over resources Powerful chiefs emerged

African Society Kinship No Private Property Gender Roles Skill Jobs for Men Women had more opportunity “Sources of Life” Contrast to Islam

African Religion Creator God  Lesser Gods Diviners Morality from Family

Kingdom of Kongo Empire built on trade Central Government –> Provinces Royal Currency System

City of “Great Zimbabwe” is capital of rich empire. Location: Near Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers On the coast of the Indian Ocean. City of “Great Zimbabwe” is capital of rich empire.

East African Trading States Swahili “Coasters” – Language Major Cities: Mogadishu, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique. City-State Rule Stone Buildings EXPORTS: Gold, Ivory, Slaves IMPORTS: Pottery, Glass, Textiles

Islam in East Africa Small Islamic trading groups on East coast Conflict between Christians and Muslims over trade

Zimbabwe Great Zimbabwe - important trading center. Africa’s interior <- -> Indian Ocean

West Africa

Kingdom of Ghana Powerful Central State Absolute Rulers Well Trained Army Key Resource – Iron, Gold Used iron smelting Huge sums of Gold Imports = Salt, Textiles, Horses

Ghana Koumbi-Saleh: Capital Qadi – Muslim Scholars Levied Taxes on Trade – Financed Empire Trans-Saharan Trade Networks Camel Domesetication Islam – 10th Century

Mali Empire Established by Sundiata Keita “Lion Prince” Wealth – Gold-Salt Trade Major City – Timbuktu Villages ruled by chieftains

Mali (Continued) Mansa Musa (ruled 1307 – 1337) Doubled size of kingdom Strong central Government Divided into provinces Pilgrimage to Mecca Displayed power and wealth of Mali Converted many to Islam Brought back architects and scholars Encouraged learning and building Mosques

The Fall of Mali Crippled Government Provinces Seceded Nomadic Pressures

Mansa Musa the Muslim from Mali

Songhai Major Cities Kukya, Gao, TIMBUKTU Dynastic Rule

Timbuktu

Slave Trade Important form of Personal Wealth Slave Raiding Foundation for Atlantic Slave Trade Zanj Revolt

Islam in Africa Reinforced the power of the leader Close relationship with God Access to Islamic Trade