Ecology Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

What shapes an ecosystem? Biotic Factors All of the living things in an environment. Plants, Animals, bacteria, etc. Abiotic Factors- non living things in the environment. Climate Wind Nutrient Availability Sunlight

Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth

Energy Transfer Producers/Autotrophs Consumers/Heterotrophs These are organisms that must eat other organisms for food/energy. These are organisms that use sunlight to make their own food/carbs

Producer (autorotroph) or consumer (heterotroph)?

Energy Transfer Producers/Autotrophs Consumers/Heterotrophs These are organisms that must eat other organisms for food/energy. These are organisms that use sunlight to make their own food/carbs

5 types of heterotrophs 1. Herbivore 2. Carnivore -eats animals eats plants Cow eating grass 2. Carnivore -eats animals Lion eating a zebra

Bears mainly eat berries and fish 4. Decomposer breaks down organic matter-NO MOUTH Mushrooms are decomposers 3. Omnivore -eats plants and animals Bears mainly eat berries and fish

feeds on plant and animal remains (Detrivore) (HAS A MOUTH) Crab 5. Detritivore feeds on plant and animal remains (Detrivore) (HAS A MOUTH) Earthworms Mite Snail

Energy flow in an Ecosystem Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun autotrophs heterotrophs Last slide I talked about with period 1 10

Food chains show how energy flows from one organism to the next. Each level in the food chain is called a trophic level. Terrestrial ecosystems have 3 or 4 levels. 11

Food Chains Given these organisms create a food chain. Mouse Hawk Wheat Snake 12

Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer 13

Make your own With your team, make your own food chain Start with a producer, then primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer. Be ready to present in 3 minutes

Food Chain Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZOvqYypOuo

Food Web This links all of the food chains in an ecosystem together

Food Web Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGODmyXkkPU

http://www.gould.edu.au/foodwebs/africa.htm http://www.gould.edu.au/foodwebs/marine.htm http://www.gould.edu.au/foodwebs/antarctic.htm http://www.gould.edu.au/foodwebs/australia.htm

Energy Pyramid? Only about 10 % of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. 21

Where does all the energy go? The other 90% is lost as heat!!! Discuss with period 5 22

Ecological Pyramids Biomass Pyramid Biomass the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.

Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers A pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

Ecological Pyramids For some ecosystems, the shape of the pyramid of numbers is the same as that of the energy and biomass pyramids. However, in ecosystems where there are fewer producers than there are consumers, such as a forest ecosystem, the pyramid of numbers would not resemble a typical pyramid at all.

Carbon Cycle (Honors)-(shoulder partner) How does Carbon get into the food chain? How does Carbon get into the atmosphere? What role do decomposers play in the Carbon cycle?

Carbon Cycle ALL living tissue has/needs some form of carbon Plants take in CO2, during photosynthesis Animals release CO2 into atmosphere during respiration(breathing/exhaling,digesting food) Decomposers release CO2 as they break down/consume dead things organic compounds Human Activity includes burning fossil fuels & vegetation How does carbon get into food chain/atmosphere?

Carbon Cycle

Nutrient Cycles CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Carbonate Rocks Photosynthesis Volcanic activity feeding Respiration Erosion Human activity Respiration Decomposition CO2 in Ocean Uplift Carbon is found in several large reservoirs in the biosphere. In the atmosphere, it is found as carbon dioxide gas; in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide; on land in organisms, rocks, and soil; and underground as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock.  Deposition Photosynthesis feeding Fossil fuel Deposition Carbonate Rocks

Nitrogen Cycle All organisms need nitrogen to make proteins to live and grow Soil bacteria called nitrogen fixers change nitrogen in dead organisms, urine, and dung (poop) into nitrates plants can absorb through their roots

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen Cycle Atmosphere is 78% N2 (gas) Nitrogen fixation- N2 (gas) changed into nitrate so plants can use it (bacteria does this) Dead organisms, urine, feces are broken down by decomposers

Weather vs Climate Weather is the environmental conditions in a specific place at a specific time. EX:Eastvale-TODAY-90 degrees, sunny, windy Climate is the typical weather for a region year after year. EX: Eastvale summers=hot, sunny, little rain Alaska winters=freezing, blizzards, little sunlight

B D A C Riverside 5 day forecast-Hot, sunny, over 95 Newport Beach usually has cold, foggy, rainy winters. In Rome, Italy right now it’s 95 humid, with no breeze. Eastvale is supposed to get a lot of rain on Labor Day B D A C

Cause of Climate Climate is caused by: trapping of heat by the atmosphere latitude transport of heat by winds and ocean currents amount of precipitation shape and elevation of landmasses

The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include: carbon dioxide methane water vapor

The Greenhouse Effect Sunlight Earth’s Surface Some heat escapes into space The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases trap some heat Greenhouse gases trap some heat Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and several other gases in the atmosphere allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slow down the loss of heat to space. These greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which helps maintain Earth’s temperature range. Atmosphere Earth’s Surface