Thymic stromal lymphopoietin downregulates filaggrin expression by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated.

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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin downregulates filaggrin expression by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in keratinocytes Jin Hee Kim, PhD, Hyun Cheol Bae, PhD, Na Young Ko, MD, PhD, See Hyun Lee, MD, Sang Hoon Jeong, PhD, Hana Lee, MSc, Woo- In Ryu, BSc, Young Chul Kye, MD, PhD, Sang Wook Son, MD, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 136, Issue 1, Pages 205-208.e9 (July 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026 Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Keratinocytes express TSLP receptor complex. A and B, Expression of CRLF2 and IL-7Rα was analyzed in NHEKs by means of RT-PCR (Fig 1, A) and immunofluorescence assay (Fig 1, B). C, CRLF2 and IL-7Rα expression were also investigated in normal human skin and AD lesional skin by using the immunofluorescence assay. β-Actin was used as a loading control for RT-PCR. Bar = 100 μm. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 TSLP inhibits filaggrin expression in NHEKs through ERK and STAT3 activation. A, Filaggrin mRNA expression was decreased at 100 ng·mL−1 TSLP. B, Profilaggrin and filaggrin protein expression were decreased by TSLP. C, TSLP treatment inhibited filaggrin expression in HSEM. D, TSLP stimulation increased phosphorylated (p) ERK and pSTAT3 expression in NHEKs. E, STAT3 and ERK1/2 siRNA block the TSLP-mediated downregulation of filaggrin. Columns and error bars represent means ± SEMs from 3 independent experiments. P < .05. Bar = 100 μm. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 CRLF2 and IL-7α mRNA expression in normal skin and AD lesional skin. Total mRNA was extracted from normal human skin and AD lesional skin. Expression of CRLF2 and IL-7α was measured by using real-time PCR. n.s., Not significant (P > .05). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 Time course of filaggrin expression after TSLP treatment in NHEKs. NHEKs were treated with 100 ng·mL−1 TSLP for each time point. The expression of filaggrin was measured by means of Western blotting with anti-filaggrin antibodies. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E3 FLG mutation confirmation. A, Schematic diagram of FLG. B, PCR product from genomic DNA covering the exon 3 A and B region. C, Normal sequence from filaggrin repeat 1 in exon 3 corresponding to codons 499 to 503 (upper portion). In the lower portion of Fig E3, C, the same region of FLG as seen in the upper region is shown, with normal sequence of filaggrin (499-503) in NHEKs, which were used in this study. D, Normal sequence from filaggrin repeat 1 in exon 3, corresponding to codons 713 to 717 (upper portion). In the lower portion of Fig E3, D, the same region of FLG as seen in the upper region is shown, with the 2282del4 filaggrin sequence in NHEKs, which were used in this study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E4 Effects of TSLP on skin barrier proteins. NHEKs were treated with TSLP (100 ng·mL−1) for 16 hours. Gene expression of involucrin (IVL; A), keratin 10 (K10; B), keratin 5 (K5; C), and loricrin (LOR; D) was examined by means of real-time RT-PCR. n.s., Not significant (P > .05). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E5 Comparison of inhibitory activity on filaggrin expression between TSLP and other inflammatory cytokines. Filaggrin expression levels were examined by using immunofluorescence. Filaggrin expression was decreased in all keratinocytes treated with TSLP (100 ng·mL−1), IL-4 (100 ng·mL−1), IL-17A (100 ng·mL−1), and IL-22 (100 ng·mL−1). TSLP and IL-4 showed a stronger inhibitory activity on filaggrin expression compared with IL-17A and IL-22. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E6 STAT3 and ERK1/2 inhibitors or siRNA block the TSLP-mediated downregulation of filaggrin. A, Western blot analysis characterized the expression of total ERK, phosphorylated (p) ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), total p38 MAPK, pp38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182), total JNK, pJNK (Thr183/Tyr185), total STAT3, and pSTAT3 (Tyr705). NHEKs were preincubated with specific inhibitors against ERK (U0126, 5 μmol/L), p38 (SB239063, 5 μmol/L), JNK (SP600125, 1 μmol/L), and STAT3 (STA-21, 5 μmol/L) for 3 hours before stimulation with TSLP (100 ng·mL−1). B, Expression of filaggrin was visualized by using immunofluorescence staining. β-Actin was used as a loading control. When ERK and STAT3 signaling was blocked, filaggrin expression was restored. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E7 TSLP treatment does not control caspase-14 expression in NHEKs. NHEKs were treated with TSLP (0, 1, 10, and 100 ng·mL−1) for 16 hours. Expression of caspase-14 was measured by means of Western blotting with anti–caspase-14 antibodies. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 136, 205-208.e9DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.026) Copyright © 2015 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions