Nonvascular Plant Characteristics No transport tissues  osmosis & diffusion to get water and minerals Must live in damp areas because water is needed for reproduction Smaller than vascular plants

Nonvascular Plant Examples Mosses Hornworts Liverworts

Plant Adaptations to Land Algae (protist) and plants have a common ancestor The ancestor had to survive drought Through natural selection plants inherited drought resistant adaptations

Plant Adaptations to Land Cuticle – waxy outer covering. Prevents evaporation & acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms Stomata – Opening in leaves. Allows exchange of gasses for photosynthesis. What gas comes in? What gas comes out? CO2 O2

Land Adaptations Cont’d Vascular tissue – Xylem & Phloem Xylem: movement of water (with dissolved minerals) from the roots to the leaves Phloem: movement of water & glucose up and down the leaf (roots to leaves AND leaves to roots)

Xylem & Phloem

Reproductive Land Adaptations No longer need water for reproduction Allow survival in harsh environments and sprout in favorable conditions Spores: lightweight haploid reproductive cells that can be carried by wind Seeds: contain an embryo & nutrients for embryo covered in a protective coat.

Plant Reproduction – Alternation of Generations Haploid Gametophyte Generation: produces gametes Diploid Sporophyte Generation: sperm & egg meet to form multicellular sporophyte. Sporophyte form spores that will grow to form next gametophyte generation Most plants spend most time (or dominant generation) in sporophyte generation

Alternation of Generations