Chapter 3 Sex and Gender

Topics to Cover The difference between sex and gender The importance of gender for living in families Gender and sexual orientation Gender discrimination and sexism Theories of gender role development Our development into boys and girls and men and women Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

The Difference between sex and gender Explain the differences between sex and gender. The Difference between sex and gender Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

What Are Sex and Gender? Sex Gender Based on biology The difference between sex and gender What Are Sex and Gender? Sex Based on biology Natural variations (intersexuality) Gender Socially constructed Multiply determined Biology   environment Not dichotomous Examples from other cultures Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

The importance of gender for living in families Describe the ways that gender impacts all people within their family relationships. The importance of gender for living in families Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Gender and Family Life Social constructions of gender The importance of gender for living in families Gender and Family Life Social constructions of gender Foster “us” versus “them” mentality Gender stereotypes Actively constructed through interactions with others More between- than within-group similarities The value of masculinity over femininity The influence of gender in the family Partners Kinds of families Interactions with family members Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Stereotype Threat and Essentialism The importance of gender for living in families Stereotype Threat and Essentialism Male roles are essentialized Not true for all societies “All gender is drag!” Stereotype threat Leads to poorer performance! Families may enforce gender Pigeon holes Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Gender and sexual orientation Explain the differences between gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation. Gender and sexual orientation Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Gender and Sexual Orientation On a continuum Biologically driven What is Heteronormativity? Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Gender discrimination and sexism Discuss the feminist idea that both men and women are harmed by sexism and heteronormativity in families and in society. Gender discrimination and sexism Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Role Strain and Sexism Gender discrimination and role strain Sexism Gender discrimination and sexism Role Strain and Sexism Gender discrimination and role strain Effects on success and health Sexism Hostile Benevolent Power imbalance Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Men and Masculinity Pressure to live up to masculine expectations Gender discrimination and sexism Men and Masculinity Pressure to live up to masculine expectations Work and achievement oriented Be tough and manly + empathic and sensitive Role strain Especially for poor men Both women and men affected The Promise Keepers An alternative response to role strain Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Theories of Gender Role development Assimilate the theories of gender role development into your knowledge of gender. Theories of Gender Role development Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Gender Role Development Theories of gender role development Gender Role Development Gender Schemas Mental templates Influence behavior, desires, and family Socialization is bidirectional More rigid for boys Social Cognitive Theory Reinforcement Imitation and role models Children actively construct identity Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Our development into boys and girls and men and women Summarize some of the key biological and environmental factors that affect sex and gender development from the prenatal stage to adulthood. Our development into boys and girls and men and women Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Prenatal Sexual Differentiation Our development into boys and girls and men and women Prenatal Sexual Differentiation Genes and gendered brain development Much development is similar for all people Gene–environment interactions All babies start out as girls? XX  Wolffian system XY  Mullerian system The brain is changed by sex hormones Implications for transgendered people Both present in the developing embryo Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Context on Prenatal and Infant Development Our development into boys and girls and men and women Context on Prenatal and Infant Development Selective abortion of female embryos Female babies abandoned or neglected Infanticide Boys may receive more resources Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Puberty and Gender We are capable of self-reflection Menarche Our development into boys and girls and men and women Puberty and Gender We are capable of self-reflection Reflect on our own socialization Menarche Context and timing Culture and environment interaction Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Evolution and Gendered Behavior Our development into boys and girls and men and women Evolution and Gendered Behavior Parental investment > biology? Social values affect evolutionary interpretations Trivers and picky females A feminist approach to the evolutionary approach Diverse lives of adult men More violence Socialization does not adequately prepare men The price of power and privilege Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Diverse Men and Women Adult Men Adult Women Men of Color Our development into boys and girls and men and women Diverse Men and Women Adult Men Men of Color Less power and privilege Oppression in society  oppress others More oppressed, more traditional gender beliefs Adult Women Make less money Fewer in high levels of government Three kinds of work: House and child care Labor market Kinship work Women of Color History of strength and personal agency Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Chapter Summary Explain the differences between sex and gender. Describe the ways that gender impacts all people within their family relationships. Explain the differences between gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation. Discuss the feminist idea that both men and women are harmed by sexism and heteronormativity in families and in society. Assimilate the theories of gender role development into your knowledge of gender. Summarize some of the key biological and environmental factors that affect sex and gender development from the prenatal stage to adulthood. Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

Open-access student resources Mobile-friendly quizzes Mobile-friendly eFlashcards Learning objective summaries Video and multimedia resources SAGE journal articles Checklist action plan edge.sagepub.com/howem&f2e Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.