Chapter 7, Section 4: The World of European Culture Agenda: 1 Chapter 7, Section 4: The World of European Culture Agenda: 1. Section 4 – Art & Culture 2. Chapt. 7 character map

New Artistic Movements

“Mannerism” Late Renaissance [Pre-Baroque]. From the Italian de maneria. A work of art done in the artist’s characteristic “touch” or recognizable “manner.” Replace harmony with dissonance/dischord Replace reason with emotion Replace reality with imagination Distorted figures; foggy or misty; lurid colors

EL Greco (1541 – 1614) El Greco or “the Greek” was the most prominent of mannerism painters. His art elongated and contorted figures, portraying them in unusual shades of yellow and green usually against an eerie background of stormy gray. The mood his art reflects is a good depiction of the uncertainty of the times and their religious upheavals. (Catholic Reformation)

With Mannerism, there is an emphasis on the artist's imagination rather than the reproduction of nature.

“The Opening of the Fifth Seal” El Greco

“Baroque” 1600 – 1750. From a Portuguese word “barocca”, meaning “a pearl of irregular shape.” Implies strangeness, irregularity, and extravagance. The more dramatic, the better!

Characteristics of Baroque Art & Architecture Dramatic, emotional Colors were brighter than bright; darks were darker than dark. Counter-Reformation art. Paintings & sculptures in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed. Ecclesiastical art --> purpose was to appeal to emotions

Throne of St. Peter, Bernini 1666 Baroque art and architecture can be characterized by heavy decoration, detail, color, and especially, gold.

Ecstasy of St. Theresa, Bernini, 1652 “The pain,” she writes, “was so severe that it made me utter several moans. The sweetness caused by this intense pain is so extreme that one cannot possibly wish it to cease, nor is one’s soul then content with anything but God.” (The Life of Saint Teresa of Ávila by herself, Chapter 29

“A Bust of Louis XIV” by Bernini

“The Calling of St. Matthew” Michelangelo Merisi da Carravaggio

“David and Goliath” Michelangelo Merisi da Carravaggio

Michelangelo Merisi da Carravaggio “Judith Beheading Holofernes” Michelangelo Merisi da Carravaggio

“Judith Slaying Holofernes,” Artemesia Gentileschi https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/baroque-italy/v/gentileschi-judith

Baroque Architecture

St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, Italy

St. Petersburg, Russia

Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles

What do these buildings have in common?

New Philosophies

Thomas Hobbes Alarmed by the English Revolution he wrote the book Leviathan He believed before society was organized that human life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” Humans were guided by a ruthless struggle for self preservation (humans inherently selfish)

Thomas Hobbes To save themselves from one another humans made a social contract (people agreed to be governed by an absolute ruler who possessed unlimited power in order to preserve the peace)

John Locke Argued against absolute power Before society humans lived in equality and freedom Believed people had natural rights (life, liberty, and property). (All ideas contained in the U.S. Declaration of Independence that were carried into the Constitution).

John Locke People found it difficult to protect their rights and therefore established a government. Government would protect people’s rights in exchange people would obey government’s laws If govt. failed people could overthrow the govt.

Which do you agree with? Hobbes or Locke?

Character maps for Absolutism Due tomorrow by the end of class 