Taxonomy

Taxonomy- the science of classifying organisms into groups Think of the classifications as a hypothesis. As new discoveries are made and new technologies are developed, sometimes the classifications change

Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist who laid the foundation for our modern classification system in the mid-1700s including the use of binomial nomenclature

Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system. White oak: Quercus alba

Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics two parts are the genus name and species descriptor

Why Latin? Latin is a dead language (it isn’t spoken natively anymore), so it isn’t changing Most scholars at the time new Latin Latin is a very descriptive language

A genus includes one or more physically similar species Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. Genus name is always capitalized. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. always lowercase always follows genus name; never written alone

Scientific names help scientists to communicate Some species have very similar common names. Some species have many common names.

Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

Vocabulary Which term means one-celled? Many-celled? multicellular unicellular Which term means that the organism produces its own food? Consumes food? autotroph heterotroph

Vocabulary Prokaryotic – describes an organism with cells that have a cell membrane but do NOT have a nuclear membrane Eukaryotic – describes an organism with cells that have a cell membrane and a nuclear membrane

Vocabulary Autotrophic – makes its own food Heterotrophic – gets nutrients from the food it consumes

List of the Three Domains and the Six Kingdoms 1. Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria 2. Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria 3. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm

Overview of the Three Domains and Six Kingdoms

Kingdom Eubacteria Most abundant organisms on the Earth Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including other organisms Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan

Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria come in different shapes, such as round, spiral and rod-shaped.

Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases, such as strep throat, food poisoning and the Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages)

Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria also play an important role in decomposition, nitrogen fixation and human digestion (E. coli) Soybean root containing billions of bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium – What does that mean about how it gets its nutrients?

Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria from a Nitrifying Trickle Filter (NTF) stained with acridene orange.  The stain makes DNA appear yellow and RNA appear orange.

Kingdom Archaebacteria Bacteria that live in extreme habitats (extremophiles), such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers (hydrothermal vents) Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Kingdom Archaebacteria Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.

Kingdom Archaebacteria Bacillus infernus Some live in temperatures as high as 230° F

Kingdom Archaebacteria Archaebacteria can live deep in the ocean near hydrothermal vents There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis

Kingdom Protista Extremely diverse group Eukaryotic Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular Autotrophic and heterotrophic Some with cell walls containing cellulose; some carry out photosynthesis with chloroplasts

Kingdom Protista Euglena - autotrophic Volvox – a colonial protist A slime mold Amoeba - heterotrophic

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Most are multicellular Heterotrophic, decomposers- feed on dead or decaying organic matter, digest food externally and then absorb the nutrients Cell walls made of chitin

Kingdom Fungi Stilton cheese Bread mold

Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts present True tissues

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls, no chloroplasts True tissues

Kingdom Animalia Flatworm Sponge Jellyfish Octopus Coral snake Bear

Some Animal Phylums Porifera- sponges Cnidaria- hydra, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- planarians, flukes, tapeworms Nematoda (roundworms) Annelida (segmented worms)- earthworm Mollusca- bivalves (clams, oysters), gastropods (snails, slugs), cephalopods (squid, octopus) Echinodermata- starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers Arthropoda- crustacea, spiders, insects Chordata- fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Organ Systems Integumentary Excretory Skeletal Nervous Muscular Endocrine Respiratory Reproductive Digestive Circulatory Lymphatic

Symmetry AMOEBA Human Brain Asymmetrical Symmetrical ~body patterns cannot be divided into equal halves. Symmetrical ~ animal can be cut into 2 equal halves. AMOEBA Human Brain

Anatomical Terms Cephalic- concerning the head Caudal- concerning the tail Anterior- toward the front; forward Posterior- toward the rear; farther back Dorsal- on or near the upper surface; back Ventral- on or near the lower surface; front Lateral- on or toward the side Medial- on or toward the middle Midline (median)- divides into right and left Transverse- crosses perpendicular to midline p446

more than 1,367,000 species of animals are invertebrates. At least 95% of the more than 1,367,000 species of animals are invertebrates.