Global History Regents Unit III - Review

Japanese Feudalism Highest social class but no real political power Emperor Military leaders Large landowners Warrior class Farmers, Fishermen & Merchants Zen Buddhism-culturally diffused from China

Comparison with European Feudalism Shintoism – belief that aspects of nature and ancestors have spirits and should be worshipped Comparison with European Feudalism class system, warriors, code of honor, weapons Towkugawa Shogunate – unified Japan as the sole ruler Alternative Attendance Policy – used the policy to control the daimyo -> restored centralized government

The Mongols Rise of the Mongols – lived as nomadic clans on the Asian steppes (NO unity) Genghis Khan – united the Mongol tribes through conquest; created the largest empire across Central Asia; used ruthless tactics to defeat his enemies

The Mongols Kublai Khan – controlled China and created the Yuan Dynasty – foreign ruler unites China

Impact of the Mongols Russia: Mongols helped to unite Russia (gave them a common enemy) - absolute gov’t – Ivan III (the Terrible) becomes absolute ruler & controls Russia - isolation – expanded the empire & rid Russia of the Mongols & est. an empire

China: - Pax Mongolia – “Mongol Peace” – brought stability & order to China & Asia - Marco Polo – Venetian trader whose stories of the Far East sparked interest throughout Europe

Global Trade Europe – Hanseatic League: as Italian banks failed, control of trade shifted to N. European cities in Germany Commercial Revolution – Change in business shifting from farming to trade guilds: assn. of people who shared the same job-controlled prices and wages capitalism: economy is based on investment *towns grew as did the population & power of the Middle Class

The Bubonic Plague Population losses: Europe lost 20-25 million; SW Asia lost 4 million; China lost 40 million Economic decline: cities died b/c trade slowed & people moved from cities back to the countryside Social & political change: end of feudalism Confusion & disorder: people questioned their faith in the church; Jews were wrongfully accused

Renaissance Humanism: the belief in human potential and achievement – individualism Secular: separation between church and state – church loses great influence over the people Greco-Roman revival: people re-examine G-R art, philosophy, science, math, literature -> test old theories

Art and Architecture: new techniques are created based on old ones (daVinci, Michelangelo) Literature: wrote in the vernacular or native languages (Shakespeare, Dante) Political science: study of government (Machiavelli – “the end justifies the means”)

Inventions: Gutenberg printing press (Gutenberg Bible) – was written in German - inc. the output of books - dec. in prices - inc. availability of books - inc. literacy & education - free interpretation & questioning

Rise and Fall of African Civilization Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Axum - structure: empires were built on the control of trade (GOLD-SALT trade); strong leadership/central gov’t; est. military strength - contributions: intro to Islam; spread of goods (cultural diffusion) - roles in global trade: East Africa connected India & the Middle East to No. Africa, the Med Sea and Europe`

Spread and impact of Islam - Mansa Musa: on his pilgrimage to Mecca, he promoted the religion throughout West Africa Timbuktu and Africa trade routes - was a center of trade in West Africa; city was full of cultural diffusion (promoted education)

Reformation and Counter Martin Luther’s 95 Theses: (start of the Protestant Reformation) wrote in protest of the unfair practices of the church (ex. sale of indulgences) Henry VIII: Pope refused to grant him an annulment so he started his own religion with himself as its leader (Church of England)

John Calvin & others: many Christians began to interpret the Bible for themselves which leads to other new sects of the religion with newly held beliefs Counter Reformation – - Ignatius Loyola – leader of counter reformation; est. Jesuits - Council of Trent – Catholic leaders set up guidelines reforming the church (not indulgences) *attempts by the church to slow down or prevent Catholics from embracing Protestantism

Roles of men and women: - men – only men could be church leaders - women – played prominent roles in protecting reformers & promoting Protestantism Religious wars in Europe: The church tried to get Catholic rulers to help dissuade other rulers and kingdoms from converting

Rise of European Nation-States Decline of Feudalism: power shifted from nobles to monarchs; focus shifted to cities and business/merchants Elizabeth I of England: made England into a naval power (stopped the Spanish Armada); est. the Anglican church; Elizabethian Age – age of prosperity (literature)

Joan of Arc – France: fought for France during the 100 Years War against the British; helped turn the tide of the war; was burned at the stake Nationalism – pride in one’s nation builds; people identified themselves with their nation