WETLAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING Stakeholder Analysis

WETLAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING Stakeholder Analysis Prepared by: Shewaye Deribe Ethio Wetlands and Natural Resources Association

Stakeholder Analysis (Situation analysis)

23/11/2018

23/11/2018 Learning objectives: By the end of this session participants will be able to: Define ‘stakeholder’ and ‘stakeholder analysis’ Understand the importance of stakeholder analysis Apply methods and tools to describe categories of stakeholders Explain the relevance, purpose and steps of stakeholder analysis Understand the socio-economic aspects of wetland management

Programme Introduction to Stakeholders Analysis of our case study area 23/11/2018 Programme Introduction to Stakeholders Analysis of our case study area Presentation of group work, wrapping up and review The importance of policies for the wise use of wetlands; Building wetland conservation into government policies: what is a wetland policy? Introduction to wetland valuation as an important tool for policy development Group work: Visioning and policy development; Institutional aspects in wetland management: The role of organisations, institutes and institutions in wetland management Case study on the role of institutions Institutional strengthening Group work: Problem and objectives analysis as a supporting tool to define ‘What are the main steps required in developing a wetland policy?’ National Wetlands Policy Case studies

23/11/2018 Stakeholder Analysis

Question: What do we mean by stakeholder? 23/11/2018 Question: What do we mean by stakeholder? What do we mean by stakeholder analysis? Why do we need stakeholder analysis?

Definition: stakeholder 23/11/2018 Definition: stakeholder an agency, organisation, group or individual who has a (direct or indirect) interest in the project / programme, or who affects or is affected positively or negatively by the implementation and outcome of it.

Definition: stakeholder analysis 23/11/2018 Definition: stakeholder analysis An approach for understanding a system by identifying the key actors - or stakeholders - in the system and assessing their respective interest (and involvement) in that system It refers to a range of tools for the identification and description of stakeholders on the basis of their attributes, interrelationships and interests related to a given initiative or resource Part of the situation analysis

Why do we need stakeholder analysis? 23/11/2018 Why do we need stakeholder analysis? To empirically discover existing patterns of interactions To mobilise key stakeholders and to build up a common awareness To target interventions and approaches As a management tool in policy making As a tool to predict and/or manage conflicts

Objectives of stakeholder analysis 23/11/2018 Objectives of stakeholder analysis To identify all those -people, groups or institutions- who might be affected by an intervention or can affect its outcome To identify local institutions and processes upon which to build To provide a foundation and strategy for participation: mobilisation of key stakeholders To make a start with understanding needs and interests of the key stakeholders

23/11/2018 Stakeholder analysis Who are all the stakeholders and how are they involved?

Who are stakeholders? Examples: local communities living in wetlands communities living downstream of the wetland government agencies (local, district, national) non-governmental organizations involved in wetlands etc.

Who are stakeholders? Contd. Other examples: Beneficiaries of the project / policy People who are at risk of being adversely affected by the project / policy Potential supporters who are not directly linked to the project Potential opponents who are not directly linked to the project Other parties with an interest in the project, e.g., Governments, officials, experts, NGOs, international community, donors Others whose local knowledge may help assessing impact or identifying alternative approaches

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Understanding Stakeholders 23/11/2018 Understanding Stakeholders Stakeholders have: World views, values, norms, cultural context Interests Power Conflicts

Important stages in stakeholder analysis 23/11/2018 Important stages in stakeholder analysis Before the situation analysis starts: when defining the scope of the policy/project During the problem identification and analysis: to mobilise stakeholders & to analyse the stakeholders’ needs and interests, objectives, linkages and interactions, etc. While designing the project strategy or policy: to balance conflicting interests and to assure commitment/participation in implementation

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Key questions in stakeholder analysis 23/11/2018 Key questions in stakeholder analysis Who are the stakeholders in a system, with regard to a certain project / programme? What are their interests, views, objectives? How important are they? How are they affected? How do they affect / influence the project / programme outcomes? What kind of relations? How should stakeholders participate or contribute?

Why is it important to identify and consider stakeholders? contribute important information helps building consensus at early stages and reduces the likelihood of conflicts builds a sense of ownership among stakeholders contributes to the transparency of public and private actions builds trust and long-term collaborative relationships between the government and civil society

Types of stakeholders Primary stakeholders What different kinds of stakeholders are there? Primary stakeholders Intended beneficiaries of a project or those negatively affected -Categorized according to social analysis often divided by gender, social or income classes, occupational or service user groups -Categories of primary stakeholders may overlap (e.g. women and low-income groups; etc.);

Types of stakeholders Contd. What different kinds of stakeholders are there? Secondary stakeholders (groups of) people who are intermediaries within a project e.g., funding, implementing, monitoring and advocacy organizations or -governmental, NGO and private sector key individuals (e.g., heads of departments or other agencies) -informal groups of people (e.g., politicians, local leaders, respected religious persons, etc

Distinction between stakeholders Key stakeholders are the stakeholders who are considered to have significant influence on the success of a project Active stakeholders are the stakeholders who affect or determine a decision or action in the project Passive stakeholders are the stakeholders who are affected by decisions or actions of others

Stakeholder participation A taking part or sharing or involvement – can be in natural resources, political, social (health, gender, water etc), economic. E.g. Family decisions, community, national, regional, International Key word: involvement, it can be active, passive, even forced

Where/when can stakeholders participate? Levels of stakeholder participation/involvement Decision making Planning Compliance monitoring, surveillance Policing/enforcement Financing Development Management Monitoring and evaluation

Levels of participation

Levels of participation

23/11/2018 Group exercise As a group, analyse all the stakeholders involved in a study area using the stakeholder analysis tools:

Identifying stakeholders Identifying stakeholders is not always a straightforward process, -To avoid missing important stakeholders, it is important to review this regularly, -Not all stakeholders are equally important throughout the whole systems/stakeholders analysis, -Some may gain importance during the process, others may become less important

How can we identify stakeholders? Stakeholder analysis How can we identify stakeholders? Criteria for identifying who should be considered stakeholders are: Degree of economic, social or cultural reliance on the system Degree of effort and interest in the management of the system Present or potential impact of the activities of the stakeholder on the system

Stakeholder analysis Contd. How can we identify stakeholders? Criteria for identifying who should be considered stakeholders are: Historical and cultural relationship with the system Unique knowledge or skills for the management of the system or resources at stake Existing rights to land or other natural resources

Stakeholder analysis Contd. Stakeholder analysis can be approached from different angles, Strategic approach Primarily aimed at analyzing, designing, implementing and/or evaluating an environmental project or policy Use matrix / checklist to examine conflicts, common interests, etc.

Stakeholder analysis Contd. Stakeholder analysis can be approached from different angles, Participatory approach Aimed more at facilitation of negotiation and dialogue between stakeholders (participatory methods/exercises for joint learning)

Stakeholder analysis Contd. Stakeholder matrix -listing of stakeholders -information on each group from stakeholder interviews and secondary sources

Stakeholder matrix Fish Stakeholder Characteristic/category Interest Resource use Problems etc Fishers Primary/men/ Fish For household, for market, Water user Primary /women, livestock keeper Secondary/tourist Water Others

Analyzing the stakeholder matrix Compare resource use and interests of different stakeholders identify current and potential conflicts identify common interests and areas for cooperation

Common interest Potential conflict Stakh.1 Stakh.2 Stakh.3 Stakh.4

Stakeholder interest and power Interest – degree to which will be affected by project/policy change & level of interest/concern they have in/about it Power: influence both negative & positive on the desired change

Stakeholder interest and power High influence, but low importance : Keep satisfied High importance & influence: Manage closely Low importance & influence: Monitor minimum effort High importance, but low influence: Keep informed High POWER Low High Low INTEREST

Conflicts between stakeholders Definition: disagreement, clash, divergence, difference, argument, dispute etc. Types of conflicts Between different resource users resource competition (water, fish, land/space, etc.) Upstream-downstream users reduced flows or water quality downstream because of upstream use or pollution

Conflicts between stakeholders Contd. Types of conflicts Between resource users and polluters Between resource users and conservationists Between developers/investors and others Between current and potential users

Forms of conflict resolution Negotiation resolve dispute between stakeholders without help of a third party basic skills: good communication, forming alliances, etc.

Forms of conflict resolution Contd. Mediation facilitated negotiation independent, neutral third party acts as mediator

Forms of conflict resolution Contd. Arbitration legal technique for resolution of disputes outside the court tribunal is set up to handle the dispute neutral third party makes decision after hearing arguments and reviewing evidence It is often used when there is a high level of conflict and, often, when no future close relationship is foreseen.

Forms of conflict resolution Contd. Litigation legal remedy involving formal lawsuit in a court of law It occurs mostly to the cases in which one of the stakeholders causes significant damage to others, such as severe water pollution.

Role play exercise Stakeholder conflict and conflict resolution

THANK YOU