Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Classical Greece, 800–350 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Early Development: Minoan Society Island of Crete Major city: Knossos Center of maritime trade, ca. 2200 B.C.E. Scholars unable to decipher Linear A script Series of natural disasters after 1700 B.C.E. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves Foreign invasions Crete fell under foreign domination Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Early Development: Mycenaean Society Indo-European invaders descended through Balkans into Peloponnesus, ca. 2200 B.C.E. Influenced by Minoan culture Major settlement: Mycenae Military expansion throughout region Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean Trojan war, ca. 1200 B.C.E. Homer’s Iliad, Odyssey Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 B.C.E. Disappearance of Mycenaean civilization Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Polis Polis: city-state Plural poleis Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas Highly independent character Monarchies “Tyrannies,” not necessarily oppressive Early democracies Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Sparta Highly militarized society Subjugated peoples: helots Serfs, tied to land Outnumbered Spartan citizens ten to one by sixth century B.C.E. Military society developed to control threat of rebellion Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Spartan Society Austerity the norm Boys removed from families at age seven Received military training in barracks Active military service followed Marriage, but no home life until age 30 Some relaxation of discipline by fourth century C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Athens Development of early democracy Free adult males only Women, slaves excluded Contrast between Athenian style of government and Spartan militarism Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Athenian Society Maritime trade brought increasing prosperity, beginning seventh century B.C.E. Aristocrats dominated smaller landholders Increasing socioeconomic tensions Class conflict Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Solon and Athenian Democracy Aristocrat Solon mediated crisis Aristocrats to keep large landholdings But forgive debts, ban debt slavery Removed family restrictions against participating in public life Instituted paid civil service Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Pericles Ruled 461–429 B.C.E. High point of Athenian democracy Aristocratic but popular Massive public works Encouraged cultural development Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Greek Colonization Expansion of population drove colonization Coastal Mediterranean, Black Sea Sicily (Naples: “Neapolis,” new city) Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles) Anatolia Southern Ukraine Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, 800–500 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Effects of Greek Colonization Trade throughout region Communication of ideas Language, culture Political and social effects Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Persian Wars (500–479 B.C.E.) Revolt against Persian empire, 500 B.C.E., in Ionia Athens supported revolt with ships Rebellion crushed by Darius 493 B.C.E. Darius responded with attack on Athens, 490 B.C.E. Athenians routed Persian army at Marathon Successor Xerxes burned Athens, but driven out as well Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Delian League Poleis created Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks Led by Athens Massive payments to Athens fueled expansion Resented by other poleis Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Peloponnesian War Civil war in Greece, 431–404 B.C.E. Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta Athens forced to surrender Conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Kingdom of Macedon Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus King Philip II (r. 359–336 B.C.E.) built massive military Encroached on Greek poleis to the south after 350 B.C.E.; controlled region by 338 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Alexander of Macedon “Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin Successful invasion of Persia Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutinied Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Hellenistic Empires Competition for empire after Alexander’s death Divided by generals Antigonus: Greece and Macedon Ptolemy: Egypt Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid empire Economic integration, intellectual cross-fertilization Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Hellenistic Empires, ca. 275 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Antigonid Empire Smallest of Hellenistic empires Local dissent Issue of land distribution Heavy colonizing activity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Ptolemaic Empire Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires Established state monopolies Textiles Salt Beer Capital: Alexandria Important port city Major museum, library Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Seleucid Empire Massive colonization of Greeks Export of Greek culture and values as far east as India Bactria Emperor Ashoka legislated in Greek and Aramaic Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes Colonies furthered trade Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Panhellenic Festivals Useful for integrating far-flung colonies Olympic Games, beginning 776 B.C.E. Sense of collective identity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Patriarchal Society Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes Limited exposure in public sphere Sparta was partial exception Sappho Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Slavery Seminomadic Scythians captured in Russia Nubians from Africa provided by Egyptians Regarded as private chattel Sometimes used in business Opportunities to buy freedom Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Cultural Life of Classical Greece Acquaintance with sophisticated cultural traditions of Mesopotamia and Egypt Astronomy, science, mathematics, medicine, magic from Babylonians Geometry, medicine, divination from Egyptians Inspired by myths, beliefs, arts, architecture Adapted Phoenician alphabet Added vowels Exceptionally flexible writing system Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Greek Science and Mathematics Use of observable evidence, rational thought Eclipse, 28 May 585 B.C.E., predicted by Thales Democritus: atoms Pythagoras: systematic approach to mathematics Hippocrates: human anatomy and physiology Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Socrates (470–399 B.C.E.) The Socratic method Student: Plato Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality Forced to drink hemlock Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Plato (430–347 B.C.E.) Systematized Socratic thought Republic Philosopher kings Theory of Forms or Ideas Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) Student of Plato Broke with theory of Forms or Ideas Emphasis on empirical findings, reason Massive impact on western thought Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Greek Deities Polytheism Zeus was principal god Religious cults Eleusinian mysteries The Bacchae Rituals eventually domesticated Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Tragic Drama Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals Major playwrights (fifth century B.C.E.) Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Comedy: Aristophanes Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Hellenistic Philosophers Epicureans Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists Skeptics Doubted possibility of certainty in anything Stoics Duty, virtue Emphasis on inner peace Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Religions of Salvation Mystery religions Enjoyed surging popularity in Hellenistic society Promise of eternal bliss Cults from Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Greece attracted disciples Many involved worship of savior whose death and resurrections would lead to eternal salvation Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.