You spend a day in San Francisco. How is it different from Novato? Quick Write

Urbanization 1860–1910 The Crowd United States History Urbanization 1860–1910 The Crowd

California State Board of Education Content Standard Students analyze the relationship among the rise of industrialization, large-scale rural-to-urban migration, and massive immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. Describe the changing landscape, including the growth of cities linked by industry and trade, and the development of cities divided according to race, ethnicity, and class. Trace the effect of the Americanization movement. Analyze the effect of urban political machines and responses to them by immigrants and middle-class reformers.

Problems with Cities? Disease was a big problem when no one understood how cholera, yellow fever, or malaria was transmitted. Tenements: in Cincinnati, one building had 102 residents and a single toilet.

Mass Transit The rise of omnibuses, horsecars, streetcars, and cable cars allowed cities to become mosaics, patchworks of different communities divided by wealth, ethnicity, religion.

Divisions Upper class & middle class moved away from city center, which was the place of the poor. Those with money moved to the edges of the city & to new suburbs.

Immigrants in the Cities To cope with their new environment, newcomers had many resources: political machines their own churches their own newspapers their own banks, coffee houses, mutual aid

Cities Swelled 1860 141 places in US with population >8,000 Overall urban population: 5 million 1900 545 places in US with population >8,000 Overall urban population: 25 million

“The crowd is the embodiment of isolation.” –Baron von Hübner