Rock Cycle http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-202VisualsIndex.HTM

View From Space - Klyuchevskaya, Russia

Igneous Rocks Cool from the Molten State Extrusive -- Erupted on Surface (volcanic) Intrusive -- Solidify Within Earth (Plutonic) Large Grain Size ---> Slow Cooling Extrusive Rocks -- Fine Grained Intrusive Rocks -- Coarse Grained

Metamorphic Facies Depth\Temp 300C 400C 500 C 600 C 700 C 800 C 5 km Zeolite Contact Metamorphism - Andalusite forms 10 km - 3 kb Greenschist Chlorite, Biotite form Slate Greenstone Quartzite Marble Amphibolite Garnet, Staurolite, Kyanite form Schist Amphibolite Gneiss Granulite Sillimanite forms Muscovite breaks down to K-feldspar Partial Melting 15 km Blueschist 20 km - 6 kb 25 km 30 km - 9 kb 35 km 40 km - 12 kb Not Found Eclogite (Mantle)

Bowen's Series and Igneous Rocks

Metamorphism Changes in Rock Composition or Texture Due to Heat, Pressure and Action of Fluids (like magma)

Major Metamorphic Rock Types Temp C Temp F Coal Limestone Sandstone Basalt Shale Index Minerals Lignite Bituminous 500 Anthracite 300 600 Graphite Marble Slate Chlorite 700 Greenstone 800 Quartzite Phyllite Biotite 900 Schist Garnet 1000 Amphibolite Staurolite 1100 Gneiss Kyanite 1200 Sillimanite Melting Begins

Types of Metamorphism Contact Around Intrusions Shallow: 0-6 Km Low Pressure Local Regional Wide Areas 5-20 Km, Sometimes 30+ High Pressure Usually Accompained by Deformation

Sedimentary Rocks Deposited on or Near Surface of Earth by Mechanical or Chemical Processes

Environmental Clues in Sedimentary Rocks Fossils Salt Water - Corals, Echinoderms Fresh Water - Insects, Amphibians Terrestrial - Leaves, Land Animals Color And Chemistry Red Beds - Often Terrestrial Black Shale - Oxygen Poor, Often Deep Water Evaporites – Arid Climates

Sediment Sizes and Clastic Rock Types Grain Size Shale Clay less than 0.001 mm Siltstone Silt .001-0.1 mm Sandstone Sand .01-1 mm Conglomerate Gravel 1mm + Sedimentary rocks made of silt- and clay-sized particles are collectively called mudrocks, and are the most abundant sedimentary rocks.

Facies Changes

Plant Fragments Are Often Visible in Coal

Diagenesis

What Rocks Tell Us Rock Type How Classified What it Tells Us Igneous Composition Tectonic Setting Texture Cooling History Sedimentary Chemical Composition Surface Environment Grain Size Energy of Environment Metamorphic Original Rock Type Mineral Makeup Temperature, Pressure Degree of Change