All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ADP – adenosine diphosphate ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. triphosphate adenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds Starch molecule Glucose molecule

Fats store the most energy. 80 percent of the energy in your body about 146 ATP from a triglyceride Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP

Autotroph - manufacture own food Heterotroph – rely on other sources for E Autotroph - manufacture own food most use photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical E chemical E is stored in the form of sugars

A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. live in places that never get sunlight. Chemosynthesis uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents

Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar Glucose All sugars end in -ose 2 phases of photosynthesis light-dependent reactions light-independent reactions

4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 1. Visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see 2. different colors have different wavelengths 3. Pigment - absorb specific wavelengths of light crest I----------------------------I wavelength Trough

4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Why are Leaves Green? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAQYpra4aUs&list=PLElB7nLNHZvhSor-RW0mv1FE_IDi9ZuiA&index=9

4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light Chlorophyll - reflects green light & absorb all others Carotenoids – reflect orange light & absorbs all others Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & absorbs all others

4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis The light-dependent reactions chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight Photolysis – water molecules are split H2O  H + O Takes place in the thylakoids (grana) Increase surface area to increase amount of H2O split Oxygen is released as waste

4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail The light-independent reactions Takes place in the Stroma – space between the thylakoids needs carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere Calvin cycle - Carbon fixation Use E and H from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose) C6H12O6

4.3. Photosynthesis in Detail Sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten

4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H2O 6CO2 6O2 chloroplast 1 2 4 3 energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

Light Dependent Light Independent

4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) C-C-C-C-C-C  C-C-C + C-C-C Produces some ATP molecules Takes place in cytoplasm

1. Glycolysis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 2. Aerobic Respiration With O2 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) Without O2

energy from glycolysis 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Aerobic Respiration – with Oxygen The Krebs cycle – Citric Acid Cycle takes place in mitochondrial matrix breaks down pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle makes a small amount of ATP releases carbon dioxide

4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail Aerobic Respiration 2. The Electron Transport Chain takes place on the cristae Makes a large amount of ATP Water is released as a waste product

4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O The reactants in Photosynthesis are the same as the products of Cellular Respiration The reactants in Cellular Respiration are the same as the products of Photosynthesis

Anaerobic Respiration: Two Types 4.6 Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration: Two Types Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation

4.6 Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate Converts pyruvate  lactic acid Muscle pain and weakness Makes Yogurt and cheese

4.6 Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate Split pyruvate  ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide Bread, Beer and Wine

Extra Credit Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology Due: Thursday Oct 30th