3/5 Daily Catalyst Pg. 89 Review 1. In CR, NADH and FADH2 are electron shuttles that deliver electrons. How much ATP is produced from NADH and FADH2? 2. What is the effect(s) of electrons NOT passing from complex to complex? 3. In PS, cyclic phosphorylation produces ________.

3/5 Daily Catalyst Pg. 89 Review 1. In CR, NADH and FADH2 are electron shuttles that deliver electrons. How much ATP is produced from NADH and FADH2? FADH2= 2 ATP NADH= 3 ATP 2. What is the effect(s) of electrons NOT passing from complex to complex? Water will NOT be made Hydrogen's will not be pumped across the membrane ATP Synthase will not produce ATP 3. In PS, cyclic phosphorylation produces ________. ATP

3/5 Fun Fact

3/5 Class Business I will be gone Monday I will not see you Tuesday Sub packet due Wednesday Test corrections due Wednesday Key on the website and posted on the board I will not see you Tuesday On Wednesday, we will begin Chemistry! Have your sub packet and test corrections ready to turn in!

3/5 Agenda Daily Catalyst Class Business Enzyme lab Review Quiz #22

Enzyme Lab When you finish the lab, work on the post-lab and conclusion.

Review quiz #22

CR REVIEW Glycolysis CAC ETC Fermentation Location Cytoplasm Matrix of the mito Inner membrane of the mito Reactant Glucose Acetyl CoA NADH & FADH2 dropping off e’s Pryuvate Product 2 Pyruvate - Water & ATP Alcohol and lactic acid, NAD+ ATP? 2 ~36 NO! NADH? 6 use FADH2? CO2? Water? yes

2 ATP molecules are invested. Need money to make money! Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate H OH HO CH2OH O P CH2O CH2 C CHOH ATP ADP Hexokinase Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Glycolysis 1 2 3 4 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Figure 9.9 A 2 ATP molecules are invested. Need money to make money!

1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 NAD+ NADH 2 + 2 H+ Triose phosphate dehydrogenase P i P C CHOH O CH2 O– 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase CH2OH H 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H2O Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase CH3 6 8 7 9 10 Pyruvate Figure 9.8 B 4 ATP molecules are produced. 4- 2(energy investment phase)= 2 ATP left!

A closer look at the citric acid cycle Acetyl CoA NADH Oxaloacetate Citrate Malate Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA a-Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle S SH FADH2 FAD GTP GDP NAD+ ADP P i CO2 H2O + H+ C CH3 O COO– CH2 HO HC CH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation ATP Figure 9.12 X2 Key Point #4: FADH2 Coenzyme Electron shuttle Not as energetic as NADH Figure 9.12 We do not need to memorize EVERY step of the CAC, but we can take notice that first this is a cycle! It goes round and round! Also, this eight step process would not be possible without enzymes at every step speeding up conversions! This step of cellular respiration is NOT a huge maker of ATP like glycolysis, but we do see some ATP made here and production of NADH and FADH2 which will make a lot of ATP in the next step. The cycle will occur twice since there are two Acetyl CoA molecules.

Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP Inner Mitochondrial membrane H+ P i Protein complex of electron carners Cyt c I II III IV (Carrying electrons from, food) NADH+ FADH2 NAD+ FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ADP + Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow Of H+ back across the membrane synthase Q Oxidative phosphorylation Intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix Figure 9.15

(a) Alcohol fermentation (b) Lactic acid fermentation 2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation H OH CH3 C O – O O– CO2 2 Figure 9.17

PS REVIEW Light Reaction Dark Reaction Location Thylakoid membrane Stroma Reactants Photons, water CO2, ATP, NADPH Products O2, NADPH, ATP Glucose (6times) NADPH? YES use ATP? Glucose? Not produced produce O2? yes - Chlorophyll? nope

ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ADP H+ P thylakoid membrane thylakoid space stroma ATP synthase e- NADPH NADP+ e- Photosystem I (P700) Photosystem II (P680) 5000 e- 4999 e- 5000 e- 5000 e- 5000 e- 4999 e- This “animation” walks through the steps of noncyclic electron flow, as outlined on the previous 3 slides. The “5000 e-” is meant for illustrative purposes only; no matter how many electrons were contained in photosystems II and I, if there was no way to replace those electrons, eventually the number of electrons would be 0. If that were to occur, there would no electrons to be excited by light, and the light reactions would grind to a halt. The electron that was “excited away” from photosystem I is replaced by the electron that was “excited away” from photosystem II; photosystem II’s lost electron is replaced through photolysis – the splitting of water – which releases ½ a molecule of O2 as a byproduct. This is where the oxygen comes from that is produced during photosynthesis, and is why autotrophs need water to perform photosynthesis! The oxygen is released through the stomata. The electron that was excited away from Photosystem I ends up reducing [adding an electron to] NADP+ to form NADPH, an important electron carrier that is needed in the Calvin Cycle. Make sure to point out to students the coupled reactions that occur; as the electron travels down the electron transport chain, its “lost energy” is used to pump protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space to build a concentration gradient. Then, as those protons diffuse back across the thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase to achieve equilibrium, they cause ATP synthase to spin (like a turbine), which forces ADP and the phosphate group together, forming ATP. Don’t forget to point out that the membrane is key here! If there was no thylakoid membrane (or if its integrity was disrupted and therefore “leaky”), it would be impossible to build this concentration gradient – not to mention that the cytochromes, photosystems, and ATP synthase would not exist/be functional! Make sure to make the connection with “osmosis” when discussing “chemiosmosis;” for students who understand the idea of the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (as in osmosis), discuss the idea that this is essentially the same process, just with protons (H+) instead of water molecules. H+ H+ H H H+ O H+ H+ H+ H+ e- H+ O H+ (2 H+ & ½ O2)

Phase 2: The Calvin Cycle CO2 Rubisco ATP RuBP NADPH - This simple schematic diagram gives a basic overview of what occurs during the Calvin Cycle. Carbon dioxide enters the cycle from the atmosphere and is joined to RuBP by Rubisco. NADPH and ATP are used to “turn” the cycle, and organic compounds (such as G3P/PGAL) are produced. NADP+ ADP P ORGANIC COMPOUND

Enzymes Review

3/6 Birthday fun!

Grab a calculator if needed Unit 8 Energy Test Name on your scantron Date: 3/6 Class: 3 Quiz: Energy PLEASE USE PENCIL! Grab a calculator if needed Time: 60 minutes Noise: 0 (SILENT)

3/6 Class Business I will be gone Monday I will not see you Tuesday Sub packet due Wednesday Test corrections due Wednesday Key on the website and posted on the board I will not see you Tuesday On Wednesday, we will begin Chemistry! Have your sub packet and test corrections ready to turn in!