1750 – 1914 Overview Periodization Question: Why 1750 –1914?
The Most Important Themes Industrialization Growing Globalization of Capital and Labor Imperialism Spread of New Ideologies and Reform Movements Dominance of the West, on sea & land
Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Modes of Transportation/ communication Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph Suez Canal, Panama Canal
Suez Canal Suez canal opened in 1869
Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Industrial Revolution Origins of I.R. – where, what and when Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor Relationship of nations during I.R. Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism, socialism
Power loom Fatcat Milltown Miner Streetchildren
Globalization Full emergence after 1850s How did it differ from earlier proto- globalization? Volume of goods exchanged Impact of exports and imports on local economies Transnational political agreements New levels of cultural globalization Caused significant regional environmental impacts Ex. Rubber industry in Brazil led to deforestation
Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration – Immigration Why? Where?
Demographic and Environmental Changes End of Atlantic Slave Trade New Birthrate Patterns Disease prevention and eradication Food Supply
Changes in Social and Gender Structure Industrial Revolution Commercial developments Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves
Changes in Social and Gender Structure Women’s emancipation movements
Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Latin American Independence Movements Why? Simon Bolivar
Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Why Revolution now? Where? United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)
Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Haitian Revolution Toussaint L’Ouverture
Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Mexican Revolution
Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Chinese Revolution Dr. Sun Yat Sen Manchus
New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism Growth of Nation-states/ empires
New Political Ideas Movements of Political Reform Jacobins in France Taiping Rebellion in China
New Political Ideas Rise of Democracy and its limitations Reform Women Racism Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer
Rise of Western Dominance Patterns of Expansion Imperialism and Colonialism African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand
Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa
Rise of Western Dominance Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic
Rise of Western Dominance Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration Russia– Reforms and Rebellions Siam and Ethiopia--defensive modernization China--Boxer Rebellion Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations
Rise of Western Dominance Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration
Rise of Western Dominance China—Boxer Rebellion
Comparisons Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases) Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin American and Chinese) Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman empire, China, India and Japan.
Ottomans- 19th century Young Turk Revolutionaries The Last Sultans
Comparisons Nationalism Forms of intervention in 19th century Latin America and Africa Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe
European women 19th century Queen Victoria’s family British family in India Russian peasant family
Continuities Traditional commerce, markets cont’d, new commercial innovations like department stores only controlled 5% of retail commerce Reactions to Western economic and military pressure were heavily influenced by local traditions Societies compensated for disruptions by appealing to traditional themes as a source of stability Ex. Thanksgiving in the US or the importance of the Emperor in Japan