Unit 1 Flashcards [Biochemistry]

What are the 6 Biological Elements? P S

What are the 4 Biomolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

What is ATP? Adenosin Triphosphate Energy storing molecule

How do you release energy from ATP? Remove a phosphate

How do you store energy in ATP? Bond / Add a phosphate

What are all of the Characteristics of Life? Maintain homeostasis Metabolize nutrients + Excrete Waste Respond + Adapt Contain a Genetic Code + Reproduce

Are Viruses Living? No They cannot… Reproduce Maintain Homeostasis Metabolize / Excrete … on their own

What are atoms? Basic units of matter

What are cells? Basic units of life

What is Kinetic Energy? Energy being used right now in a cell

What is Chemical Potential Energy? Energy stored in the bonds of molecules

What element is an organic molecule made of? carbon

What is a Monomer? The basic unit / building block that makes up larger molecules.

What are Polymers? Larger molecules (made of monomers)

List out the levels of biological organization: Atoms / Molecules Organelles / Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

What is the Monomer of a Carbohydrate? monosaccharide

What is the Polymer of a Carbohydrate? polysaccharide

What is the function of Carbohydrates? Provide immediate / intermediate energy

Why do Polysaccharides provide more energy for you? They have more bonds

What are the Monomers for Lipids? Fatty Acids + Glycerol

What are some Lipid Polymers? Phospholipid Neutral Fat

What is the function of a Lipid? Provide long term energy storage

What is the Monomer for a Protein? Amino acid

What is the Polymer of an Amino Acid? Polypeptide Enzymes

What is the Function of Proteins? Express DNA code Catalyze reactions

What does it mean to denature a protein? Change the shape, and function of the protein… …the protein stops working!

What denatures a protein? Heat Acid

What happens when you mix Liver and Hydrogen Peroxide? Bubbles Enzyme in Liver (Catalase) breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide

What is the Monomer for a Nucleic Acid? nucleotide

What are the Polymers of Nucleic Acids? DNA RNA

What is the Function of a Nucleic Acid? Store the genetic code of a cell

What does “polar” mean? The molecule has an uneven distribution of charges across its length…. … One end is more positive … One end is more negative

Unit 2 Flashcards [Cells & Cell Processes]

What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory? Cell are the basic units of life All living things are made of cells Cells come from other cells

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? Modern eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living symbiotically with one another. Chloroplasts + Mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that then lived inside larger cells.

What is a Prokaryotic Cell? Cell without a nucleus

What is a Eukaryotic Cell? A cell with a nucleus

What is a Unicellular Organism? An organism made of only one cell

What is a Multicellular Organism? An organism made of many specialized cells

What is diffusion? The movement of particles from high to low concentration. NO Energy Goes until it reaches equilirium

What is Osmosis? The movement of Water particles from high to low concentration. NO Energy Goes until reaching equilibrium

What is Active Transport? The forced movement of particles across the cell membrane. USES ENERGY

What is Facilitated Diffusion? The assisted movement of larger particles across the cell membrane. Through protein channels. No Energy.

What is Endocytosis? Pinching off of cell membrane… Bringing materials INTO cell

What is Exocytosis? Pinching off of cell membrane… Pushing OUT waste

Describe a Hypertonic Cell… There is MORE water inside the cell, than outside.

How will water move in a Hypertonic cell? Water will move from HIGH  LOW. Water will leave / exit the cell.

Describe a Hypotonic Cell… There is LESS water inside the cell, than outside.

How will water move in a Hypotonic cell? Water moves HIGH  LOW. Water will move INTO the cell.

Describe an Isotonic Cell… There is an equal amount of water inside and outside the cell. The cell will not fill or lose water…

What is a cell membrane made of? Phospholipid Bilayer

Name the Organelles in this picture: 1- golgi body 2- endoplasmic reticulum 3- lysosome / peroxisome 4- ribosomes 5- ribosomes 6- mitochondria 7- lysosome / peroxisome 8- cell membrane 9- nucleus 10- centrioles

Name the Function of the Organelles in this picture: 1- Package + Ship proteins 2- Fold proteins 3- Lysosomes use Lysozyme to break down cell parts / toxins Peroxisomes use Catalase to break down Hydrogen Peroxide 4- Assemble amino acids to make a protein 5- (same as #4) 6- Complete cellular respiration to make ATP 7- (see #3) 8- Control what enters / exits 9- Store DNA / genetic code 10- Organize DNA during division

Name the Organelles in this picture: 1- Nucleus 2- endoplasmic reticulum 3- vacuole 4- mitochondria 5- chloroplast 6- cell membrane 7- cell wall

Which of the organelles below are unique to PLANTS? #3 #5 #7

Name the Function of the Organelles in this picture: 1- store DNA / genetic code 2- fold proteins 3- store water + maintain cell shape 4- Complete cell. Respiration to make ATP 5- Complete Photosynthesis to convert SUNlight into Sugar + Oxygen 6- Control what enters / exits 7- Extra support + protection

What is Hydrolysis? A cell process in which water is ADDED… Polymer  Monomer Energy released from broken bonds

What is Dehydration Synthesis? A cell process in which water is REMOVED… Monomers  Polymer Energy stored in new bonds

What does this diagram show? Dehydration Synthesis Water is being removed Monomers  Polymers Energy stored in new bonds

What does this diagram show? Hydrolysis Water added Polymer  Monomers Energy released from broken bonds

Unit 3 Flashcards [Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration]

What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis? Sun + CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2

In words, What is Photosynthesis? The reacting of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water… …. Producing glucose and oxygen.

What are the reactants for Photosynthesis? Sunlight Carbon dioxide water

What are the products for Photosynthesis? Glucose oxyge

Which organelle completes Photosynthesis? chloroplast

How is energy transferred during Photosynthesis? Energy is transferred from the Sun to the bonds of Glucose

How is energy converted during Photosynthesis? Energy is converted from electromagnetic energy  chemical potential energy

What is the overall purpose of Photosynthesis? Convert the un-useable energy from the Sun  useable energy in the form of sugar / glucose

What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration? C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + ATP

In words, what is Cellular Respiration? The reacting of glucose and oxygen.. …producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

What are the reactants for Cellular Respiration? Glucose Oxygen

What are the products for Cellular Respiration? Carbon dioxide Water ATP

Which organelle completes Cellular Respiration? Mitochondria

How is energy transferred during Cellular Respiration? Energy is transferred from the bonds of glucose  bonds of ATP

How is energy converted during Cellular Respiration? Energy is not converted It stays in the form of chemical potential energy

What is the overall purpose of Cellular Respiration? To release the energy from glucose, and store it in the bonds of ATP.

How do we rely on plants? We rely on plants to produce: Glucose / sugar Oxygen

How do plants rely on us? They rely on us to produce: Carbon dioxide Water

Unit 4 Flashcards [Cell Division]

What is asexual reproduction? Reproduction with only 1 organism Offspring are identical to parent

What is sexual reproduction? Reproduction with 2 parents Offspring are genetic variants of parents

What is Binary Fission? A type of asexual reproduction Bacteria copy themselves + divide in half

What is Conjugation? When bacteria exchange plasmids. Can lead to antibiotic resistance.

What is the Cell Cycle? Process in which cells prepare for division… Grow Copy organelles Copy DNA … AND actually divide

What are the 4 phases in the Cell Cycle? G1 S G2 M

Which phases are in Interphase? G1 S G2

What takes place during G1 and G2 phases? The cell… Grows Copies organelles

What happens during the S phase? DNA is copied

What happens during the M phase? The cell actually divides

Identify each stage in the Diagram Below: [This shows the Cell Cycle] A = G1 phase B = S phase C = G2 phase D = M phase

Identify each stage in the Diagram Below: [This shows the Cell Cycle] A = G1 phase B = S phase C = G2 phase D = M phase

What is Mitosis? Cell Division for nonsex / somatic cells

What is Meiosis? Division for sex / gamete cells

Mitosis starts 2n / Diploid, and ends…

Identify the Mitosis Stages in the diagram: A – Metaphase B-Telophase & Cytokinesis C—Anaphase D—Prophase

What happens during Prophase of Mitosis? Nucleus dissolves Chromosomes form Spindle fibers prepare

What happens during Metaphase of Mitosis? Sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell.

What happens during Anaphase of Mitosis? Sister chromatids separate.

What happens during Telophase & Cytokinesis of Mitosis? Chromosomes unwind Nuclei reform Cytoplasm splits

Meiosis starts 2n / Diploid, and ends… 1n / Haploid

What happens during Prophase 1 of Meiosis? Nucleus dissolves Chromosomes form Spindle fibers prepare

What happens during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis? Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell Crossing over

What happens during Anaphase 1 of Meiosis? Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate

What happens during Metaphase 2 of Meiosis? Sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell

What happens during Anaphase 2 of Meiosis? Sister chromatids separate

What happens during Telophase & Cytokinesis of Meiosis? Chromosomes unwind Nuclei reform Cytoplasm splits

How many cells do you end up with in Meiosis? 4

What is Crossing Over? Exchange of alleles between nearby homologous chromosomes Happens during Metaphase1 of Meiosis

What is the Law of Segregation? Each sex cell ends up with only ½ genetic info… OR Each sex cell ends up with only 1 allele per gene

What is the Law of Independent Assortment? Each sex cell ends up with a random combination of alleles

What is happening in this picture? Crossing Over

What is happening in this picture? A-C = Meiosis 1 D-G = Meiosis 2 G = 1N cells

What is cancer? Uncontrolled cell growth and division.

How many chromosomes should a normal human have? 46 total 23 pairs

What are the sex chromosomes of a male? XY

What are the sex chromosomes of a female? XX

What is shown in this diagram? Karyotype Error  #23 has too many sex chromosomes! XXY!!