Matter & Change – Chapter 1 Sections 1 & 2 Suggested Reading: Pages 6 - 15

Chemistry The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.

Branches of Chemistry Organic – carbon containing compounds Inorganic – metals and anything not organic Physical – properties / changes / energy Analytical – identification of materials Biochemistry – living things Theoretical – math & computers to understand

Research & Technology Basic Research – for the sake of knowledge Applied Research – to solve a problem Technological Development – improve quality of life

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.

Building Blocks of Matter Atom – smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. Element – pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom.

Compound – substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded.

Pure Substances One particular type of matter: Compounds (Ex: baking soda, sodium chloride, sucrose) Elements (Ex: gold, aluminum, oxygen, chlorine)

Extensive Properties depend on the amount of matter present. Volume Mass Amount of energy

Intensive Properties do not depend on the amount of matter present. Melting Point Boiling Point Density Electrical Conductivity

Physical Properties can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance. Density Color Melting point

Chemical Properties relate to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substance. Flammability (tendency of a substance to burn in air) Reactivity Toxicity

Physical Changes If it is still the same substance when you are done with it, it is a physical change. Ex: Crushing, tearing, Evaporating Water (still H2O), any phase change.

Chemical Changes If it is NOT the same substance when you are done with it, it is a chemical change. Ex: Cooking or burning something, Rusting metal, bubbling, color change, temperature change.

Ask Yourself … What change occurs when placing a sample of table salt in water? Has the change altered the identity of the substance? If yes … Chemical Change If no … Physical Change

Changes in Matter

*Energy Energy is always either used up or given off in any physical or chemical change. Energy cannot be created or destroyed (Law of Conservation of Energy).

States of Matter Solid – definite shape and definite volume.

States of Matter Liquid – indefinite shape but definite volume – takes shape of container.

States of Matter Gas – no definite shape or volume – expands to fill container and takes shape of container.

States of Matter Plasma – no definite shape or volume – a high temperature state where atoms lose most of their electrons.

States of Matter

Changes in State

Classification of Matter Mixture: A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. Can be separated. Pure Substance: Has a fixed composition. Cannot be separated by a physical means.

*Mixtures Homogeneous: same throughout (Ex: air, stainless steel, solutions like sugar-water) Heterogeneous: not the same throughout (Ex: granite, wood, concrete)

Separating Mixtures Filtration – pour liquid through paper that catches solid and lets liquid pass through. Can only be used on a heterogeneous mixture of a liquid and a solid.

Separating Homogeneous Mixtures Distillation Crystallization Chromatography

Separating Homogeneous Mixtures Distillation – separates by different boiling points.

Separating Homogeneous Mixtures Crystallization – boil off or evaporate off the liquid and you are left with the solid.

*Separating Homogeneous Mixtures Chromatography – solution is separated by allowing it to flow along a stationary substance.

Ch. 1 Section 3 Intro to Periodic Table Suggested Reading: Pages 16-20

Organizing the Squares Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Groups or families – Vertical columns Groups have similar chemical and physical properties. Periods – Horizontal Rows

Properties of Metals Luster - shiny Conduct Electricity & Heat Malleable – hammered into thin sheets Ductile – drawn into wire

Properties of Non-Metals No Luster – not shiny Nonconductors Brittle Non-Ductile Helium SULFUR

Properties of Metalloids Also called semimetals Have properties of both metals and non-metals. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te,

Group Names Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals Halogens Noble Gases

Noble Gases Inert Gases do not readily react. Are gases at room temperature.