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Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.84 Figure 1 Trial-level assessment of the validity of proteinuria as a surrogate end point in IgAN Figure 1 | Trial-level assessment of the validity of proteinuria as a surrogate end point in IgAN. Circles represent the effect of treatment on the clinical end point (expressed as hazard ratios) and on changes in urine protein levels for each study or study group. Numbers in brackets refer to the studies represented by each circle, as specified in the original figure6: 1, Steroid; 2, Valsartan; 3, ACE inhibitor; 4, Fish oil (versus placebo); 5 and 6, Steroids versus steroids + azathioprine; 7, Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); 8, Fish oil (dose response). Treatment effects on urine protein were computed as change in log urine protein from baseline during follow-up in the treatment versus control groups. The estimate of the treatment effect was exponentiated to obtain the geometric mean ratio of the change in urine protein for the treatment versus control group; a number <1 indicates a larger reduction in proteinuria in the treatment than in the control group. The regression line is calculated from the Bayesian analyses that summarize the prediction of the true treatment effects on the clinical outcome from the true treatment effects on change in urine protein. Dashed lines indicate the conﬁdence band around the regression line. RAS, renin–angiotensin system. Adapted from Am. J. Kidney Dis. Inker, L. A. et al. Early change in urine protein as a surrogate end point in studies of IgA nephropathy: an individual-patient meta-analysis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.02.042, (2016), with permission from Elsevier. Adapted from Am. J. Kidney Dis. Inker, L. A. et al. Early change in urine Protein as a surrogate end point in studies of IgA nephropathy: an individual-patient meta-analysis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ j.ajkd.2016.02.042 (2016), with permission from Elsevier. Floege, J. & Rauen, T. (2016) Immunosuppressant-induced reduction of proteinuria in IgAN Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.84