Bell Ringer Do you believe torture is a reliable or effective way to gain information from an accused individual? Why or why not?

The Catholic Reformation? Many reforms Restore Catholic glory Art, music, politics… Bringing back spirituality Convert and reconvert Colonization Sweden and England

Council of Trent 1545 to 1563, 25 sessions, 40 clergymen Emphasis on reforms and clarification Transubstantiation Indulgences Scripture Marriage Gregorian calendar All directed towards Protestant “heresies” Condemn and refute

Society of Jesus Jesuits, one of many new orders “To the Government of the Church Militant” Limited to 60 members, quickly changed Missionaries, teachers, stop Protestant growth Spread quickly around the globe “Black-Robes” Men of science and wisdom Later rid of by nationalism, but brought back in the 19th century

Catholic Inquisition Roman, Spanish, Portuguese Aimed at heretics, primarily Protestant Inquisitorial courts Within and outside of borders Thousands of trials and executions Lots of accusations and torture

Thirty Years’ War Peace of Westphalia, 1648 1618, Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia Attempt to impose Roman Catholic absolutism Immediate rebellion, which was put down, but many countries entered for their own benefit Most battles take place in Germany “Wolf-strategy” Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Multiple treaties to end the war Spain suffers greatly: loses territory and power France comes out on top Idea of state sovereignty begins More religious tolerance given