The Age Of The Railroads By: Lizzy Goddard & Nicole Catt

Railroads Span Time and Space Rails made westward expansion possible for business as well as people. The government made huge land grants and loans to railroad companies after realizing how important railroads were for settling the west and developing the country.

A National Network (1856) The railroads extended west to the Mississippi River , and 3 years later, they crossed the Missouri. A golden spike marked the spanning of the nation by the first transcontinental railroad Transcontinental railroad is a railroad linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts if the U.S.. Was completed in1869 At the start of the Civil War, the nation had about 30,000 miles of track. By 1890 that figure was nearly 6x greater

Transcontinental Railroad Video. http://www.history.com/topics/transcontinental- railroad/videos#transcontinental-railroad

Romance & Reality The Central railroad employed thousands of Chinese immigrants. The Union Pacific hired Irish Immigrants and desperate out of work civil war veterans to lay track across treacherous terrain while enduring attacks by Native Americans. Accident and Diseases disabled and killed thousands of men each year. In 1888 more than 2,000 employees killed and 20,000 injured.

New Towns & Markets By linking previously isolated cities, towns, and settlements, the railroads promoted trade and interdependence Individual towns began to specialize in in particular products. Chicago became known for its stockyards and Minneapolis for its grains industries. These cities prospered by selling large quanities of their products to the entire countries

Railroad Abuse Farmers were angry with railroad companies for a host of reasons. They were upset by misuse of government land grants, which the railroads sold to other businesses rather than to settlers, as the government intended. The railroads helped farmers fix their debt.

Granger laws The Granger Laws were a series of laws passed in several Midwestern states of the United States, namely Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Granger Laws were promoted primarily by a group of farmers known as the Grange In 1871 Illinois authorized a commission “to establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination. Railroads fought back changing the constitutionality of the regulatory laws. Munn vs. Illinois in 1877 up help the Granger Laws by a vote at 7-2. The states won the rights to regulate the railroads for benefits of farmers and consumers.

Panic & Consolidation Although the ICC presented few problems for the railroads corporate abuses, mismanagement, overbuilding, and competition pushed many railroads to the brink of bankruptcy. The panic of 1893 was the worst depression up to that time: by the end of 1893 around 600 banks and 15,000 businesses had failed, and by 1895, 4 million people had lost their jobs. As the 20th century dawned, 7 powerful companies held sway over 2/3 of the nations railroad tracks.