Animal Structure and Function

Thermoregulation Ectotherms Endotherms Obtain body heat from the environment. Poikilotherms Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and fish. “cold blooded” Endotherms Generate their own body heat. Homeotherms Mammals Warmblooded

Temperature Regulation Cooling evaporation Sweating Panting Warming by metabolism Shivering Adjusting surface area Changing the volume of blood flow Countercurrent Exchange

The Respiratory System Direct contact with the environment Cells have large surface areas with which they can have exchange with the environment. Gills Evaginated structures that create large surface areas. Tracheae Chitin lined tubes that permeate the body. Oxygen enters the tracheae through opening called spiracles. Lungs Invaginated structures which allow gas exchange

Human Respiration Nose, pharynx, larynx Trachea Bronchi, bronchioles Alveolus Diffusion between alveolar chambers and blood. Bulk flow of O2 Diffusion between blood and cells Bulk flow of CO2

Circulatory System