1. Who was Catiline? What did he do? A Roman senator from an old aristocratic family. Bankrupted himself trying to become consul twice Gave up and decided to murder the consuls (especially his rival Cicero!) and seize power by force. Cicero is famous for crushing the plot. His Against Catiline speeches detail his actions during the conspiracy. He also made sure to remind everyone all the time

1. Who was Catiline? What did he do?

2. Who are the equestrians? Cicero called for Concordia Ordinum, or a unity of Roman classes. Side Note: (Cicero was from the Equestrian class) Equestrians were the wealthy plebeians or the middle class of ancient Rome. Many equestrians were now richer than senators, because senators were barred from trade, mining, and tax collection.

3. What was the First Triumvirate? An alliance of three powerful politicians Marcus Licinius Crassus Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gaius Julius Caesar

Who gets what? Crassus - Equestrian tax collectors promised more taxes than they could farm from the provinces. -Crassus wanted legislation to forgive their debts.

Who gets what? Pompey - For political reasons, the soldiers who fought under Pompey were denied their land pensions - Pompey wanted legislation to distribute lands to veterans.

Who gets what? Caesar - Caesar had racked up ridiculous debts from his ambitious political career, mostly to Crassus. - Caesar needed to pay back political favors and gain a province to make enough money to pay off debts.

4. What broke the Triumvirate? Crassus: He felt outshone by the other two famous generals. He attacked Parthia (a Persian empire) and lost spectacularly. Julia Caesar’s daughter was married off to Pompey. And then she died, so the familial ties between the rivals was broken.

Da Rubicon! Alea Jacta Est! 5. What river did Caesar cross to formally start the civil war? Da Rubicon! Alea Jacta Est!

6. What was the major battle between Caesar and Pompey? Battle of Pharsalus

Pretty much everything What Regions did Caesar conquer which were also celebrated on his return to Rome? Pretty much everything BTW: This is when the play Julius Caesar starts Gallic (France), Alexandrian (Egypt), Asian (Turkey), Pontic (Black Sea), African (Tunisia), and Hispanic (Spain) Side note- Most of these places were already conquered by previous generals. Kings and Senators used these places to fight against Caesar.

Dictator Perpetuus 8. What is Dictator for Life?

9. What did Caesar do to weaken the senate? He pulled many Equestrians into the Senate (normally a rare thing), and Italians from other more distant cities. (Ecce, who do you think the new senators will support?) Side note: He did many other things against Roman tradition Reforms to the calendar (Julian Calendar) Expansion of citizenship Founding of colonies for the urban poor Huge public works Years of public gifts from his conquests Many such actions were popular and long overdue reforms held up by the conservative Senate.

1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate 1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate? Describe their relations to Julius Caesar.

- Julius Ceasar’s Grandnephew and adopted son 1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate? Describe their relations to Julius Caesar. Octavius: Marc Antony: Some dude named Lepidus: - Julius Ceasar’s Grandnephew and adopted son - Julius’ most trusted lieutenant and current consul - Another of Julius’ trusted lieutenants

1. Who formed the Second Triumvirate? Purple-Octavius Brown- Lepidus Pink- Cleopatra Green- Antony Yellow- Client Kingdoms Blue- Sextus Pompey

2. What was Cicero’s final fate? Assassination Cicero mentored and supported Octavian, but that political support angered Antony. Antony demanded Cicero be killed to show Octavian's loyalty to the new Triumvirate.

A. Princeps – Chief or First Citizen B. Augustus – Venerable 3. A. What title did Octavian prefer to hold when “encouraging” the Senate? B. Also, what title did the Senate bestow, which we know him as today? A. Princeps – Chief or First Citizen B. Augustus – Venerable

4. Why would Augustus bang his head on the palace doors? The general Varus lost catastrophically in Germania. Side note: This defeat ends Rome’s attempts to conquer Germany. Unlike Julius, Augustus employed generals, such as Agrippa, to fight wars. He was not a frontline general.

4. Why would Augustus bang his head on the palace doors? The general Varus lost catastrophically in Germania. Side note: This defeat ends Rome’s attempts to conquer Germany. Unlike Julius, Augustus employed generals, such as Agrippa, to fight wars. He was not a frontline general.

5. A. What did Augustus create to run the newly forming Roman Empire? B. Who ran the empire? C. What kind of people? A. An Imperial bureaucracy B. He appointed a system of governors or Legates (Legati = lieutenants) C. People of both senatorial and equestrian rank Side note: The reason there was no widespread rejection of the Emperors was due to the opening of the political system for the Equestrians, the stability of trade, relative safety from wars, city planning, and improved infrastructure. Romans started to govern more and pillage less.

6. What message do you think that does Virgil try to convey in his epic poem, the Aeneid? Mostly a propaganda piece and Greek fanfiction with a ton of Mary Sue characters. It plays up the rule of the Augustus (the first emperor): (Ancestors are related to the founders) Gives justification for Roman conquests: (Peace and unity is the will of the gods) Pushes for a return to the old religion practices: (Roman rituals come from ancient Troy and are worthy to be continued)

Cato the Younger A leader of the Optimates faction Chief rival and opponent to Caesar and the populares Both hated and respected simultaneously by everyone in Rome Used his character and sheer unbreakable integrity to exert influence in the Senate (and also filibusters) Never gave in to corruption ENTIRELY UNCOMPRIMISING Lived and acted austerely in every way – Stoic values Black toga, no shoes, no tunic No slave attendants No bribes for votes or favors Huge party pooper

Cato the Younger After all the Republican forces were defeated by Julius: - Caesar granted pardons to opposing senators (Cicero, Brutus and Cassius etc…) Cato committed suicide He died to make a political statement and avoid a pardon from a Tyrant His death would inspire: Cicero to write and widely distribute an obituary that made Cato a martyr of the Republic Brutus to lead the conspiracy against Caesar

The opening lines of the Aeneid: ARMA virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto vi superum saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram; multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum, Albanique patres, atque altae moenia Romae.

The opening lines of the Aeneid: Arms, and the man I sing, who, forc'd by fate, And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate, Expell'd and exil'd, left the Trojan shore. Long labors, both by sea and land, he bore, And in the doubtful war, before he won The Latian realm, and built the destin'd town; His banish'd gods restor'd to rites divine, And settled sure succession in his line, From whence the race of Alban fathers come, And the long glories of majestic Rome.