The Bones Within Us Chapter 7

Reminders…. How’s it going? We are changing some stuff around…. First, Moving up Chapters 9&10 to next week!! Then the following week Forensic Anthro & Ch. 11(primate Behavior) Zoo day Nov.5th I’ll collect money next week Mandatory you roll, Handout next week Exams back at the end of class Number 28 & 31 free questions Extra credit puzzle today!! Done to pairs of two Today and for the rest of time, things are looking up

Intro Bone is living, so it can and does change Bones are part of an organism’s genotype and phenotype There is a lot of variation

Functions of the Skeleton 1. support 2. protection 3. movement/leverage 4. mineral and lipid storage 5. blood cell formation and storage Full info on page 136-7

What Can we Tell from Bone? Age Sex Ethnicity??…we will discuss this later as well Behaviors Physical activities Health and diseases

Classification, Development, and Anatomy 4 main categories: Long bones: limbs, fingers, toes Short bones: blocky, cube-shaped bones of wrist/ankle, and sesamoid bones (small bones within joints), kneecap Flat bones: cranium, shoulder, pelvis, ribs Irregular bones: vertebrae, facial

Classification, Development, and Anatomy You can view skeleton 2 ways: Axial: develops first. Midline structures like skull, vertebrae, ribcage Appendicular: develops later. Limbs and connections to axial skeleton

Classification, Development, and Anatomy A bone has to grow for the first 20-30 years of life Diaphysis (shaft) Epiphysis (ends) Articular Cartilage (covers ends)

Anatomical Terminology Important in discussing or studying bones 3 imaginary planes: 1. midsagittal or medial: equal L and R halves 2. coronal or frontal: front and back 3. transverse or horizontal: upper and lower PAGE 138

Anatomical Terminology Major terms that will help: Medial Lateral Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Superficial Deep Proximal Distal Ventral Dorsal Cranial Caudal Know these  Page 138

Features of Bone Human body has 206 bones, so we need to know features to identify which bones are which Follow along in your lab book

Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull Frontal: forehead Parietal: “walls,” pair with frontal Temporal: side of head, houses ear holes Occipital: back of skull, base, by foramen magnum Maxilla: upper jaw Mandible: lower jaw Zygomatics: cheekbones Nasals: superior to nasal opening Sphenoid: behind maxilla and in front of temporal Mastoid process: bulbous knob at bottom of temporal

Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull Sutures: PAGE 140-141 Sagittal: running down midline of head Coronal: separates frontal from parietals Squamosal: separates parietal from temporals Lambdoidal: separates parietal from occipital Metopic: separates two halves of frontal bone until age 2

Teeth We are mammals, so we have heterodont dentition Incisors, canines, premolars, molars Dental formula is 2:1:2:3 in adult humans 2:1:0:2 in children’s deciduous teeth Tooth is made of three parts: crown, neck, root More dental vocabulary on page 142

Skull Features Pages 142-43 have pictures of the skull bones and sutures we just learned Hyoid bone supports the larynx or voice box. It has no articulation.

Axial Skeleton Part II: Vertebrae Vertebral column has 5 regions Cervical (7) Neck; atlas and axis are 1st two and support head Thoracic (12) Articulate with ribs Lumbar (5) Largest…why? Sacrum (fused) Joins with pelvic bones to form pelvic girdle Coccyx (fused) “tailbone”

Axial Skeleton Part III: Thorax Bony thorax protects heart and lungs Sternum Manubrium, body, xiphoid process Ribs Costal cartilage 7 top ribs are “true ribs” because they connect to sternum 8-10 are “false ribs” because they connect with cartilage 11-12 are “floating ribs” because they connect to nothing

Appendicular Skeleton Postcranial skeleton Adapted for bipedalism Muscle attachments: origin is the site where muscle arises; a muscle pulls toward its origin. Insertion is site where muscle grabs a hold of a second bone.

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Ours is adapted for mobility. Quadrupeds are adapted for stability Clavicle S-shaped, collarbone, support and leverage for muscles Scapula Shoulder blade, triangular, moves when you move shoulders

Arms Upper limb articulates with the body at the shoulder joint Humerus Upper arm, largest of upper body, round head, trochlea (where ulna fits) Radius Forearm, head is shaped like circle, attached to thumb, so rotates Ulna Forearm, ulnar notch is shaped like “u”, attached to humerus

Arms Carpals Hands Wrist, 8 bones Metacarpals (hand) Phalanges (fingers)

Lower Body Pelvis Pelvic girdle is made of two pelvic bones (innominate) and the sacrum Pelvis is useful in determining sex and bipedalism Innominate is made of three bones Ilium: wings, illiac crest is your hip bone you can feel Ischium: part that you sit on Pubis: pointed bone in front Acetabulum: large fossa where femur fits in

Legs Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Largest bone in body, complete head, linea aspera, Patella Sesamoid bone (formed at a joint), pulley system, kneecap Tibia Shin bone, malleolus hangs down on outside, no real distinguishing features Fibula Long, skinny bone that attaches to tibia

Legs Tarsals Ankle, 7 bones Foot Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes)

Assignment Lab 7.1 Self-Test 7.1 (omit #13)

Assignment Lab 7.2, 7.3 & 7.4 1-2 For Lab 7.2 number 1, just find the vertebrae, ribs and sternum and study them/articulate them Do number 2 Omit 3&4 Self-Test 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 Lab 7.3 Lab 7.4

Bone Challenge As a table, create a full skeleton from the bones in the boxes Everyone must participate Only need 1 cervical, 1 thoracic and 1 lumbar vertebrae Only need 2 ribs Make sure bones are connecting correctly When you are done, I will check it. The first team to do it correctly gets 5 participation points