Unit 9: Cellular Energy

Cellular Energy Vocabulary ISN 137due Friday Adenosine triphosphate Reactants Products Adenosine diphosphate Chlorophyll Alcoholic Fermentation Aerobic Anaerobic Lactic acid fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Metabolism

Purpose: Identify the reactants, products, & basic functions of photosynthesis. Purpose on ISN 138. Notes & POGIL on ISN 139. Homework worksheet on ISN 138.

Photosynthesis Song

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms make their energy (glucose) from sunlight. Stored as carbohydrate in their bodies. 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Why is Photosynthesis important? Makes organic molecules (glucose) out of inorganic materials (carbon dioxide and water). It begins all food chains/webs. Thus all life is supported by this process. It also makes oxygen gas!!

Photosynthesis-starts to ecological food webs!

Photo-synthesis means "putting together with light." Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose. Glucose is a kind of sugar. Plants use glucose as food for energy and as a building block for growing. Autotrophs make glucose and heterotrophs are consumers of it.

How do we know that plants make carbohydrates from just carbon dioxide water and light energy? Experiments! For example: Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648) planted a willow branch weighing 5 pounds into 200 pounds of soil and then after 4 years the tree weighed 169 lbs. and the soil was still nearly 200 lbs.

Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 As can be seen from the equation for photosynthesis, the wood, bark, and root came from water and carbon dioxide.

Plants in Action Check it! What is the process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars?

Plant leaves have many types of cells!

Plants Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose) Process called photosynthesis Mainly occurs in the leaves: a. stoma - pores b. mesophyll cells Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast Stoma

Stomata (stoma) Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water vapor and gases (CO2 & O2) are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere. Guard Cell Oxygen (O2) Stoma Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Found on the underside of leaves

Stoma This opening how plants exchange gases. Check it Stoma This opening how plants exchange gases! Check it! Can you name the two important gases that go in and out of the leaves? Why are the stomata located on the underside of leaves?

Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Photosynthesis occurs in these cells! Nucleus Cell Wall Chloroplast Central Vacuole Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!

Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Stroma Outer Membrane Thylakoid Granum Inner Membrane Thylakoid stacks are connected together

Chloroplasts make the oxygen too!

Grana make up the inner membrane Thylakoid Thylakoid Membrane Granum Thylakoid Space Grana make up the inner membrane

Plant Cells

The photograph below is an elodea leaf X 400 The photograph below is an elodea leaf X 400. Individual cells are clearly visible. The tiny green structures within the cells are chloroplasts this is where photosynthesis happens.                                    

Chloroplasts make the sugars!

Leaves are green because they contain Plants Leaves are green because they contain the pigment: chlorophyll Leaves have a large surface area to absorb as much light as possible "Thanks for the Glucose!"

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Absorbing Light Energy to make chemical energy: glucose! Pigments: Absorb different colors of white light (ROY G BIV) Main pigment: Chlorophyll a Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids These pigments absorb all wavelengths (light) BUT green!

Fall Colors In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Why do we see green? Green color from white light reflected NOT absorbed Chloroplast: organelle responsible for photosynthesis Chlorophyll: located within Chloroplast Green pigment

Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum (all forms of light).

LIGHT behaves as if it were composed of "units" or "packets" of energy that travel in waves. These packets are photons. The wavelength of light determines its color.

Chlorophyll: A Light Absorbing Pigment The Solar Panel Chemical!

Photosynthesis Glucose provides the energy and carbon needed to make other plant materials like wax and proteins.

In plants and simple animals, waste products are removed by diffusion In plants and simple animals, waste products are removed by diffusion. Plants, for example, excrete O2, a product of photosynthesis.

EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS WATER OXYGEN 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY C6H12O6 + 6O2 CARBON DIOXIDE GLUCOSE

Purpose: Identify the reactants, products, & basic functions in the different types of cellular respiration. Purpose on ISN 140. POGIL parts 2,3,4 & Notes on ISN 141. Homework on ISN 140: Make an “artsy” representation of the cellular respiration equation (both words & formula). Under that, draw or paste a picture of yourself with reactants going in on the left & products coming out on the right.

Homework Part B Example

When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygen Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain

Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

Review of Mitochondria Structure Smooth outer Membrane Folded inner membrane Folds called Cristae Space inside cristae called the Matrix

Glycolysis Summary Requires input of 2 ATP Produces 4 ATP Takes place in the Cytoplasm Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Requires input of 2 ATP Produces 4 ATP

Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic) Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired) Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol) Nets only 2 ATP

A Little Krebs Cycle History Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1953 for his discovery Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish

Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Cyclical series of reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle Turns twice per glucose molecule Produces two ATP Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain Summary 34 ATP Produced H2O Produced Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane

Video Links Hank on Cellular Repiration & ATP EOC Review Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

Purpose: Compare & contrast the products and reactants of cellular respiration & how they are interrelated. Purpose on ISN 142. Notes on ISN 143 Homework on ISN 142: WKBK 86 Compare Seed Song

Make a foldable

Video Links Hank on Cellular Repiration & ATP EOC Review Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

Purpose: Connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within a cell. Purpose on ISN 144. Purple notes & Model 1 from the last POGIL on ISN 145. (models 2, 3, & 4 go on ISN 141) Homework on ISN 144: WKBK 79 Organize & Sequence; WKBK 80 1st Summarize w/ the 2 squares

Energy for Life on Earth Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration

What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

What is the Process Called? HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O) H2O

How Does That Happen? An Enzyme! ATPase

How is ATP Re-Made? The reverse of the previous process occurs. Another Enzyme is used! ATP Synthetase

The ADP-ATP Cycle ATP Synthetase ATP-ase

When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

Cellular Respiration Includes pathways that require oxygen Breakdown of one glucose results in 36 to 38 ATP molecules

Glycolysis Diagram

Electron Transport Chain Summary 34 ATP Produced H2O Produced Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose NADH = 3 ATP’s FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis Anabolic (small molecules combined) Endergonic (stores energy) Carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules (glucose). 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 glucose SUN photons

Where does photosynthesis take place? Question: Where does photosynthesis take place?

Plants Autotrophs – produce their own food (glucose) Process called photosynthesis Mainly occurs in the leaves: a. stoma - pores b. mesophyll cells Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast Stoma

Mesophyll Cell of Leaf Photosynthesis occurs in these cells! Nucleus Cell Wall Chloroplast Central Vacuole Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!

Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Stroma Outer Membrane Thylakoid Granum Inner Membrane Thylakoid stacks are connected together

Grana make up the inner membrane Thylakoid Thylakoid Membrane Granum Thylakoid Space Grana make up the inner membrane

Question: Why are plants green?

Chlorophyll Molecules Located in the thylakoid membranes Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-660 nm are most important) Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

Wavelength of Light (nm) 400 500 600 700 Short wave Long wave (more energy) (less energy)

Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light best violet blue green yellow orange red Absorption wavelength

During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors? Question: During the fall, what causes the leaves to change colors?

Fall Colors In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments Carotenoids are pigments that are either red, orange, or yellow

Why do cells use for energy? Question: Why do cells use for energy?

Structure of ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use

Removing a Phosphate from ATP Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will --- Release ENERGY for cells to use Form ADP Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP